{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:42:59Z","timestamp":1790808179953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pushing and pulling tasks are increasingly prevalent in industrial workplaces. Few studies have investigated low-back biomechanical risk factors associated with pushing, and we are aware of none that has quantified spinal stability during pushing exertions. Data recorded from 11 healthy participants performing isometric pushing exertions demonstrated that trunk posture, vector force direction of the applied load, and trunk moment were influenced (p &lt; .01) by exertion level, elevation of the handle for the pushing task, and foot position. A biomechanical model was used to analyze the posture and hand force data gathered from the pushing exertions. Model results indicate that pushing exertions provide significantly (p &lt; .01) less stability than lifting when antagonistic cocontraction is ignored. However, stability can be augmented by recruitment of muscle cocontraction. Results suggest that cocontraction may be recruited to compensate for the fact that equilibrium mechanics provide little intrinsic trunk stiffness and stability during pushing exertions. If one maintains stability by means of cocontraction, additional spinal load is thereby created, increasing the risk of overload injury. Thus it is important to consider muscle cocontraction when evaluating the biomechanics of pushing exertions. Potential applications of this research include improved assessment of biomechanical risk factors for the design of industrial pushing tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872005774859962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,19]],"date-time":"2005-11-19T17:54:55Z","timestamp":1132422895000},"page":"536-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Low-Back Biomechanics and Static Stability During Isometric Pushing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Granata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford C.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198101000-00013"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"185","volume":"6","author":"Ayoub, M. M.","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Institute of Industrial Engineering Transactions"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925159"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"1","volume":"230","author":"Bergmark, A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica Supplementum"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(69)90018-9"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668791385967"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088302500508"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963681"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0002889738506892"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185829"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050192"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)00035-6"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199710010-00003"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00118-4"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(92)90003-M"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(92)90004-N"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198405000-00012"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925246"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184477"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00013-4"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199801010-00019"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00226-8"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130521"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90010-6"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)00003-Z"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199504150-00006"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Handbook of occupational ergonomics, theory and applications","author":"Granata, K. P.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00018-8"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00081-1"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00249-5"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00064-X"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00002-0"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Biomechanical basis of human movement","author":"Hamill, J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186621"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)95277-C"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(82)90089-6"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karwowski, W., Caldwell, M. & Gaddie, P. (1994). Relation between the NIOSH (1991) lifting index, compressive and shear forces on the lumbosacral joint, and low back injury incidence rate based on industrial field study. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting (pp. 654\u2013657). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129403801024"},{"key":"atypb38","first-page":"55","volume":"18","author":"Kearney, R. E.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.581944"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00206-8"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"133","volume":"23","author":"Kumar, S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Human Ergology"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(94)00062-8"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(96)00015-0"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(99)00040-X"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088903100108"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(91)90310-E"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"1552","volume":"32","author":"Lee, K. S.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(97)00006-0"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925111"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199304000-00015"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198609000-00004"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0202"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1977.232.1.C45"},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"A work practices guide for manual lifting","author":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.1.119"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)00020-5"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399184703"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(91)90038-N"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200004150-00009"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104010-00004"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(95)00014-4"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00039-0"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198101000-00017"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00221-4"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.750561"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(99)00008-6"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300184602"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90217-5"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.2.825"},{"key":"atypb70","volume-title":"Biomechanics and motor control of human movement","author":"Winter, D. A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07408179408966610"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00106-1"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872005774859962","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872005774859962","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:47Z","timestamp":1777449167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872005774859962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872005774859962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872005774859962","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}}}