{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:11:03Z","timestamp":1787022663869,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: We examine the time course of performance recovery from gravity induced loss of consciousness (GLOC) and evaluate the utility of exposing participants to repeated bouts of GLOC in promoting recovery time. Background: A substantial number of accidents among fighter pilots have resulted from episodes of GLOC. U.S. Air Force doctrine holds that when pilots experience GLOC, impairment lasts for 24 s, in which there are 12 s of complete unconsciousness and 12 s of confusion. However, there is reason to suspect that performance efficiency associated with GLOC is degraded well before unconsciousness sets in and that more than 24 s are required for performance efficiency to return to baseline levels. Additionally, there is a belief that repeated exposure to GLOC will reduce recovery time. Method: Centrifuge simulators were used to induce GLOC in U.S. Air Force personnel with math and tracking tasks employed to emulate flight performance. Participants were tested once per week for 4 consecutive weeks. Results: On average, performance deficits appeared 7.44 s prior to the onset of unconsciousness and persisted for 55.6 s following the GLOC event. Repeated exposure failed to moderate these results. Conclusion: The temporal course of performance deficits produced by GLOC far exceeds prior estimates. The problem is more serious than previously envisioned and it is not alleviated by repeated exposure to GLOC. Application: U.S. Air Force doctrine regarding the severity of GLOC and the utility of repeated exposure to this problem needs to be revised and these data incorporated into future aircraft auto recovery systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,3]],"date-time":"2006-04-03T17:14:38Z","timestamp":1144084478000},"page":"109-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["+Gz Acceleration Loss of Consciousness: Time Course of Performance Deficits With Repeated Experience"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Lloyd D.","family":"Tripp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel S.","family":"Warm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Werchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E","family":"Deaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHI Systems Inc., Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.70040"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Human performance effects of decreased cerebral tissue oxygen saturation induced by various levels of mixed oxygen\/nitrogen","author":"Arnold, A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"2","volume":"59","author":"Burton, R. R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"201","volume-title":"Fundamentals of aerospace medicine","author":"Burton, R. R.","year":"1996","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"862","volume":"69","author":"Chelette, T. L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Aircrew experience with G-induced loss of consciousness: Problem identification analysis","author":"Deaton, J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5416.970"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Maximizing +Gz tolerance in pilots of high performance combat aircraft","author":"Fong, K. L.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"614","volume":"69","author":"Forster, E. M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"132","volume":"64","author":"Forster, E. M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind","author":"Gazzaniga, M. S.","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"12","volume":"59","author":"Gillingham, K. K.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"23","volume":"59","author":"Glaister, D. H.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"956","volume":"56","author":"Houghton, J. O.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Principles of neural science","author":"Kandel, E. R.","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook","author":"Keppel, G.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1993-3315","volume":"3","author":"Lackner, J. R.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Vestibular Research"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964458"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective","author":"Maxwell, S. E.","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, J. G., Forster, E., Hitchcock, E. A., Barba, C. A., Santarelli, T. P. & Scerbo, M. W. (1994). Cumulative effects of +Gz on cognitive performance. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 38th Annual Meeting (pp. 46\u201350). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129403800108"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10290-027"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100208"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00068-8"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"539","volume":"72","author":"Sausen, K. P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Human factors in jet and space travel: A medical-psychological analysis.","author":"Sells, S. B.","year":"1961"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"A task battery for applied human performance assessment research","author":"Shingledecker, C. A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"921","volume":"55","author":"Vaernes, R. J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"24.1","volume-title":"Handbook of perception and human performance: Vol. I. Sensory processes and perception","author":"Welch, R. B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"589","volume":"60","author":"Whinnery, J. E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"468","volume":"58","author":"Whinnery, J. E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"631","volume":"58","author":"Whinnery, J. E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"943","volume":"58","author":"Whinnery, J. E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530070058012"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Engineering psychology and human performance","author":"Wickens, C. D.","year":"2000","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Evolution of anti-G suits, their limitations, and alternative methods for avoidance of G-induced loss of consciousness","author":"Wood, E. H.","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872006776412144","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872006776412144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:55Z","timestamp":1777449175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872006776412144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872006776412144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872006776412144","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}}}