{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:19:20Z","timestamp":1778642360187,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To examine the effects of keyswitch orientation on joint torques. Background: The fingertip produces primarily vertical forces during single-finger tapping on a computer keyswitch. However, horizontal force components within the sagittal plane of the finger could reduce net joint torques. Method: Eleven participants tapped on a keyswitch oriented in three directions: vertical, tilted 30\u00b0 such that when pressed it moved away from the user (similar to a positive-tilt keyboard), and tilted 30\u00b0 such that when pressed it moved toward the user (similar to a negative-tilt keyboard). Participants also tapped on a prototype cantilever keyswitch design in which the key cap moves along the arc of a bending beam gradually away from the user. Miniature electro-optical goniometers measured the finger posture, and a two-axis force sensor measured fingertip forces. Results: Tapping on a keyswitch oriented such that it moves away from the user when pressed reduced net joint torques by 47% relative to tapping on a vertically orientated keyswitch and by 56% relative to tapping on a keyswitch oriented toward the user, whereas the cantilever design resulted in 14% decreases in net joint torque relative to the vertical orientation. Conclusion: Reductions of torques resulted from decreasing the moment arm of the fingertip force about the joints. Application: Keyboard design should incorporate keyswitch mechanism angles along with other postural and geometric constraints to reduce exposure of the finger joints and muscles to force during typing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,3]],"date-time":"2006-04-03T17:14:38Z","timestamp":1144084478000},"page":"121-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Keyswitch Orientation Can Reduce Finger Joint Torques During Tapping on a Computer Keyswitch"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Aruna D.","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devin L.","family":"Jindrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Dennerlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"93","volume-title":"Scale effects in animal locomotion","author":"Alexander, R. 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