{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:03:02Z","timestamp":1777669382780,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The present study compared the effectiveness of a virtual reality (VR) simulator for training phlebotomy with that of a more traditional approach using simulated limbs. Background: Phlebotomy, or drawing blood, is one of the most common medical procedures; yet, there are no universal standards for training and assessing performance. The absence of any standards can lead to injuries and inaccurate test results if the procedure is improperly performed. Method: Twenty 3rd-year medical students were trained under one of the two methods and had their performance assessed with a 28-item checklist. Results: The results showed that performance improvements were limited to those who trained with the simulated limbs, and a detailed comparison of the two systems revealed several functional and physical differences that may explain these findings. Conclusion: Participants trained with simulated limbs performed better than those trained with a VR simulator; however, the metrics recorded by the VR system may address some aspects of performance that could eventually prove beneficial. Application: The present study highlights the potential for medical simulators to improve patient safety by enabling trainees to practice procedures on devices instead of patients. Applications of this research include training, performance assessment, and design of simulator systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,3]],"date-time":"2006-04-03T17:14:38Z","timestamp":1144084478000},"page":"72-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Efficacy of a Medical Virtual Reality Simulator for Training Phlebotomy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Scerbo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Bliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sommer N.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"American Medical Association. (2003).\n                      AMA delegates approve limits on resident working hours.\n                      Retrieved August 12, 2003, from http:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/ama\/pub\/category\/11106.html"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation and applications","author":"Basdogan, C.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2002.00561.x"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Clover, S. (2002, July). Phlebotomy safety:\n                      Sticking to good practices\n                      . Retrieved January 11, 2006, from the Advance Newsmagazines for Medical Laboratory Professionals Web site: http:\/\/www.advanceformlp.com\/common\/editorial\/PrintFriendly.aspx?CC=6475"},{"issue":"11","key":"atypb5","first-page":"12","volume":"87","author":"Dawson, S. L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(03)00109-0"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopher, D., Weil, M., Bareket, T. & Caspi, S. (1988). Fidelity of task structure as a guiding principle in the development of skill trainers based upon complex computer games. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting (pp. 1266\u20131270). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128803201816"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3564-4"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Patient safety in American hospitals.","author":"Health Grades, Inc.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Human error in medicine","author":"Helmreich, R. L."},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Principles of training.","author":"Holding, D. H.","year":"1965"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"867","volume":"115","author":"Howanitz, P. J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"To err is human: Building a safer health system.","author":"Kohn, L. T.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krahl, K. & Scerbo, M. W. (1997). Performance on an adaptive automated team tracking task with human and computer teammates. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting (pp. 551\u2013555). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181397041001122"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"HE1","author":"Mishori, R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (1999).\n                      How to protect yourself from needlestick injuries.\n                      Retrieved June 9, 2004, from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/2000-135.html"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Skill acquisition and human performance.","author":"Proctor, R. W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00328-6"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01594.x"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00594110"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004640000369"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"937","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation and applications","author":"Satava, R. M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors","author":"Scerbo, M. W.","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Medicine meets virtual reality 12","author":"Scerbo, M. W.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088502700305"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200210000-00008"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"360","volume-title":"Medicine meets virtual reality VII","author":"Ursino, M.","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872006776412171","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872006776412171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:56Z","timestamp":1777449176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872006776412171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872006776412171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872006776412171","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}}}