{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:03:05Z","timestamp":1777669385132,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To investigate whether unintended muscle activity induced by motor overflow can result in the unintentional discharge of a firearm. Background: In the past few years an increasing number of people have been injured, sometimes fatally, as a result of police weapons being discharged involuntarily. Methods: Two experiments were performed using a pistol fitted with sensors to register the pressure exerted on the hand stock and the trigger. In Study 1, 34 police officers reacted to a set case using the prepared pistol. In Study 2, 25 participants performed 13 tasks requiring the use of different limbs. Results: In Study 1, about 20% of participating officers made contact with the trigger, thus violating police regulations to keep the trigger finger outside the trigger guard at all times until a conscious decision to fire has been made. Study 2 showed that motor activity in different limbs leads to a significant increase in grip force exerted on a firearm (significant results for 12 of 13 trials, Bonferroni-corrected p &lt; .004). Furthermore, pressure on the trigger resulting from involuntary muscle contractions was, in certain cases, sufficient to unintentionally discharge a weapon. Conclusion: Unintentional discharges attributable to involuntary muscle activity can be a real danger for police officers when carrying out their duties. Application: Results may help improve police training with the aim of reducing the danger of involuntary discharges in real-life situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006778606813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,8]],"date-time":"2006-10-08T18:49:33Z","timestamp":1160333373000},"page":"413-421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Risk of Involuntary Firearms Discharge"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Heim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dietmar","family":"Schmidtbleicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eckhard","family":"Niebergall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polizeitrainer in Deutschland e.V., Niedernhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1101-1"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640419308729978"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639408402651"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Aveni, T. J. (1995). The trigger finger dilemma: A perspective revisited. Retrieved June 2, 2006, from http:\/\/www.smith-wesson.com\/webapp\/wcs\/stores\/servlet\/CustomContentDisplay?storeId=10001&catalogId=10001&content=22313&sectionId=10503."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1990.10607484"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228629"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"661","volume-title":"Motor control mechanisms in health and disease","author":"Delwaide, P. J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00004"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Schie\u00dfausbildung","author":"Engelbrecht, H. O.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Presented at the Annual Training Conference of the International Association of Law Enforcement Firearms Instructors (IALEFI) meeting in Mesa","author":"Enoka, R. M."},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb11","first-page":"27","volume":"3","author":"Enoka, R. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Law Enforcement Executive Forum"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"23","volume":"2","author":"Grossi, D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Police Marksman"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"1","volume":"207","author":"Janssen, W.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Kriminologie"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(81)90190-5"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.112251"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Leen, J. & Horwitz, S. (1998, November 18). Armed and unready. Washington Post, p. A1"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050492"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"115","volume":"56","author":"Moore, J. C.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"98","volume":"3","author":"Niebergall, E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Polizei-heute"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.5.2093"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"O'Brien, J. (2002).\n                      Experts find Glocks prone to accidents.\n                      Retrieved May 31, 2006, from http:\/\/www.cominolli.com\/postnews2.pdf."},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"The integrative action of the nervous system","author":"Sherrington, C. S.","year":"1906"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00836.2002"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530460044029"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(98)80165-4"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.2.393"},{"issue":"10","key":"atypb27","first-page":"18","volume":"8","author":"Tully, E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blue Line Magazine"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb28","first-page":"9","volume":"9","author":"Tully, E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blue Line Magazine"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1976.10735075"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1965.20.3.967"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.1907"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872006778606813","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872006778606813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:06Z","timestamp":1777449186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872006778606813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872006778606813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872006778606813","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}}}