{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:07:34Z","timestamp":1777669654921,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We examined the willingness and ability of general aviation pilots to execute steep approaches in low-visibility conditions into nontowered airports. Background: Executing steep approaches in poor weather is required for a proposed Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) that consists of small aircraft flying direct routes to a network of regional airports. Method: Across two experiments, 17 pilots rated for Instrument Flight Rules at George Mason University or Virginia Tech flew a Cessna 172R simulator into Blacksburg, Virginia. Pilots were familiarized with the simulator and asked to fly approaches with either a 200- or 400-foot ceiling (at approach angles of 3\u00b0, 5\u00b0, and 7\u00b0 in the first experiment, 3\u00b0 and 6\u00b0 in the second). Pilots rated subjective workload and the simulator recorded flight parameters for each set of approaches. Results: Approaches with a 5\u00b0 approach angle produced safe landings with minimal deviations from normal descent control configurations and were rated as having a moderate level of workload. Approaches with 6\u00b0 and 7\u00b0 approach angles produced safe landings but high workload ratings. Pilots reduced power to control the speed of descent and flew the aircraft slightly above the glide path to gain time to control the landing. Conclusion: Although the 6\u00b0 and 7\u00b0 approaches may not be practical for routine approaches, they may be achievable in the event of an emergency. Application: Further work using other aircraft flying under a wider variety of conditions is needed before implementing SATS-type flights into airports intended to supplant or complement commercial operations in larger airports.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007x230145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,21]],"date-time":"2007-08-21T19:45:18Z","timestamp":1187725518000},"page":"759-772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pilot Performance, Strategy, and Workload While Executing Approaches at Steep Angles and With Lower Landing Minima"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Boehm-Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Casali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Lancaster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Wochinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noblis, Falls Church, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"253","volume":"63","author":"Bennett, C.T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Secret to good landings. AOPA Air Safety Foundation Instruction Reports, DFI Tips","author":"Cuccinello, B.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"FAA aerospace forecasts: Fiscal years 2003-2014","author":"Federal Aviation Administration.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Airplane flying handbook (FAA-H-8083-3A)","author":"Federal Aviation Administration.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Capacity needs in the National Airspace System: An analysis of airport and metropolitan demand and operational capacity in the future","author":"Federal Aviation Administration.","year":"2004"},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb6","first-page":"133","volume":"19","author":"Flight Safety Foundation.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Flight Safety Digest"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Aviation infrastructure: Challenges to building runways and actions to address them","author":"General Accounting Office.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Factors affecting concentration in the airline industry (GAO-T-RCED-88-65)","author":"Government Accountability Office.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Aviation competition: Restricting airline ticketing rules unlikely to help consumers (GAO-01-831)","author":"Government Accountability Office.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Controlled flight into terrain education and training aid","author":"International Civil Aviation Organization."},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Investigating pilot performance using mixed-modality simulated data link. Unpublished doctoral dissertation","author":"Lancaster, J.A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300409134"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"2010 Concepts of operations document","author":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS)","author":"NationalAeronautics and SpaceAdministration.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e574142012-002"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, G.F. & Hankins, T. (1994). EEG and subjective measures of private pilot workload . In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 38th Annual Meeting (pp. 1322-1330). 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