{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T07:15:03Z","timestamp":1782112503099,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aims to evaluate safety and accessibility of an advanced life support (ALS) ambulance interior. Background: The standard ambulance's interior design is unsatisfactory based on perceived discomfort and postures that constrain paramedics and medical staff, resulting in unsafe treatment of patients, mainly when being transported. Methods: Two procedures were used to evaluate performance during a wide range of rescue tasks: a survey, based on questionnaires, interviews, and observation of paramedics performing routine tasks; and upper body and back posture analysis, based on postural considerations. Results: Findings revealed that 74% of the paramedics stated that the location of the paramedic's seat is inefficient while they perform clinical procedures; 94% found the bench uncomfortable; 77% felt that the vertical distance between the bench and the stretcher is too far; and 86% needed to steady themselves when the vehicle was moving. Posture analysis showed that paramedics undergo several nonneutral back postures, including twisted back (&gt;20\u00b0) and sitting with back flexion between 20\u00b0 and 45\u00b0. Conclusion: Because the interior of the ALS ambulance was found to be unsatisfactory both to paramedics and patients, alternative design issues are proposed. Application: The suggested practical layout contains four main modifications: (a) replacing the bench with two adjustable paramedic seats, (b) redesigning the medical cabinet for easy access, (c) adding an adjustable folding seat opposite the two new seats, and (d) adding a swiveling base and lifting apparatus that will accommodate the stretcher and enable better accessibility to patients by the paramedic personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007x249884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,4]],"date-time":"2007-11-04T20:09:26Z","timestamp":1194206966000},"page":"1019-1032","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ergonomic Evaluation of the Ambulance Interior to Reduce Paramedic Discomfort and Posture Stress"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Issachar","family":"Gilad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Byran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corlett, N., Wilson, J. & Manenica, I. (1985). The ergonomics of working postures: Models, methods and cases. In Proceedings of the First International Occupational Ergonomics Symposium (pp. 64-66). London: Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12565"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925110"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2004.07.003"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Federal Specification for the Star-of-Life Ambulance KKK-A-1822E","author":"General Services Administration (GSA) Federal Supply Service.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Gilad, I. (2001). The biomechanical profile of repetitive manual work routines. In K. J. Zandin (Ed.), Maynard's industrial engineering handbook (5th ed., pp. 139-150). New York: McGraw-Hill ."},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(89)90128-2"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Landeweerd, J.A. & Kant, I. (1996). Working postures and physical load of ambulance nurses. InA. F. \u00d6zok & G. Salvendy (Eds.), Advances in applied ergonomics (pp. 941-944). West Lafayette, IN: USA Publishing."},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Evaluation of paramedic's tasks and equipment to control the risk of musculoskeletal injury (CUPE Local 873 Internal Rep. 6-08-0793)","author":"Letendre, J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"McGill, S.M., Potvin, J. & Norman, R.W. (1990). Estimating low back demands in ambulance attendants using a hybrid anatomical model. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Human Factors Association of Canada (pp. 191-195). Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: Human Factors Association of Canada."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(00)00038-X"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Bodyspace: Anthropometry, ergonomics and design of work","author":"Pheasant, S.","year":"1986","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1700"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Shook, R.E. & Spelt, P.F. (1985). A human factors analysis of ambulance design. In R. Eberts & C. G. Eberts (Eds.), Trends in ergonomics\/human factors II: Proceedings of the Second Mid-Central Conference (pp. 417-422). Amsterdam: North-Holland."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, E.L. (1986). Human engineering concerns in ambulance interior design: Acradle for human factors. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting (pp. 345-348). 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