{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:07:35Z","timestamp":1777669655103,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]],"date-time":"2007-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1196467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To explore how a single master alarm system affects drivers' responses when compared with multiple, distinct warnings. Background: Advanced driver warning systems are intended to improve safety, yet inappropriate integration may increase the complexity of driving, especially in high workload situations. This study investigated the effects of auditory alarm scheme, reliability, and collision event type on driver performance. Method: Using a 2 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 4 mixed factorial design, we investigated the impact of two alarm schemes (master vs. individual) and two levels of alarm reliability (high and low) on distracted drivers' performance across four collision event types (frontal collision warnings, left and right lane departure warnings, and warnings for a fast-approaching following vehicle). Results: Participants' reaction times and accuracy rates were significantly affected by the type of collision event and alarm reliability. The use of individual alarms, rather than a single master alarm, did not significantly affect driving performance in terms of reaction time or response accuracy. Conclusion: Even though a master alarm is a relatively uninformative warning, it produced statistically no different reaction times or accuracy results when compared with information-rich auditory icons, some of which were spatially located. In addition, unreliable alarms negatively impacted driver performance, regardless of event type or alarm scheme. Application: These results have important implications for the development and implementation of multiple driver warning systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007x249956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,4]],"date-time":"2007-11-04T20:09:26Z","timestamp":1194206966000},"page":"1097-1106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Effects of Single Versus Multiple Warnings on Driver Performance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"M.L.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Analytics, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enlie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Tijerina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dev S.","family":"Kochhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497925"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0701_1"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"An evaluation of the safety, utility, and reliability of three-dimensional alarm systems for automotive use (UTCARep. 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Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society .","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120104500402"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Aircraft alerting systems criteria study (No. FAA-RD-76-222)","author":"Department ofTransportation","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(86)90127-4"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Automotive collision avoidance operational field test warning cue implementations summary report (No. DOT-HS-809-462)","author":"General Motors Corporation and Delphi-Delco Electronic Systems.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185108"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/STHF0203_1"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2852-3_4"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.D., Hoffman, J.D. & Hayes, E. (2004). Collision warning designed to mitigate driver distraction. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing (pp. 65-72). 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