{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:17:51Z","timestamp":1779081471565,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We examined the impact of operational variables on diagnosis and decision-making processes, focusing on information search. Background: Arguably, the \u201cbest\u201d decision-making processes in high-technology cockpits would be those that are both correspondent (objectively accurate) and coherent (rationally sound). In the electronic world, coherence in terms of identification and incorporation of all relevant information is both a prerequisite to and a limiting factor for accurate diagnosis and decision making. Method: Regional carrier pilots ( N = 93) responded to six scenarios by accessing information to determine a diagnosis and decision. Results: Time pressure, a common operational variable, had a strong negative effect on information search and diagnosis accuracy, and the presence of noncongruent information heightened these negative effects. Unexpectedly, source of initial information (automated or other) did not impact any of the dependent variables. Diagnosis confidence was unrelated to accuracy and was negatively related to amount of information accessed. Conclusion: Results confirm both the need for coherence in diagnostic processes and the difficulty of maintaining it under time pressure. Application: One implication of the results of this study is that pilots in high-technology cockpits must be trained to utilize coherent diagnostic processes as standard operating procedure. Additionally, because thorough information search for diagnosis in an automated environment is essential, automated systems must be designed to foster coherent, and thus accurate, diagnostic processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007x312513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,24]],"date-time":"2008-07-24T10:06:23Z","timestamp":1216893983000},"page":"300-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: Factors Impacting Diagnosis in the Automated Cockpit"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Kathleen L.","family":"Mosier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Len","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Orasanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0060889"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520350519"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Judgment analysis: Theory, methods, and applications","author":"Cooksey, R.W.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Flight crew information requirements (Contractor Rep. DTFA-91-C-00040)","author":"Corwin, W.H.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting","author":"Fischer, U."},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Cognitive processes in stereotyping and inter-group behavior","author":"Hamilton, D.L.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9601600313"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195097344.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Judgments under stress","author":"Hammond, K.R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"123","volume":"4","author":"Jacobson, C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803322655392"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Klein, G. (1993). Recognition-primed decision (RPD) model of rapid decision making. In G. A. Klein, J. Orasanu, R. Calderwood , & C. Zsambok (Eds.), Decision making in action: Models and methods (pp. 103-147). Norwood, NJ: Ablex."},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium [CD-ROM]","author":"Klein, G."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(00)00033-0"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300409134"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Rapport de la Commission d'Enqu\u00eate sur l'accident survenu le 20 janvier 1992 pr\u00e8s du Mont Sainte Odile (Bas Rhin) \u00e0 l'Airbus A320 immatricul\u00e9 F-GGED exploit\u00e9 par la Compagnie Air Inter [Report of the Commission of Inquiry concerning the accident on January 20, 1992, near Mont Sainte Odile (Bas-Rhine), involving Airbus A320 with the registration number F-GGED and operated by Air Inter, Paris]","author":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Equipement, des Transports et du Tourisme.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Expert decision-making strategies","author":"Mosier, K.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosier, K.L. (2002). Automation and cognition: Maintaining coherence in the electronic cockpit. In E. Salas (Ed.), Advances in human performance and cognitive engineering research (pp. 93-121). New York: Elsevier Sciences.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-3601(02)02007-6"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Mosier, K.L., Keyes, J. & Bernhard, R. (2003). Dealing with conflicting information: Will crews rely on automation? In G. Edkins & P. Pfister (Eds.), Innovation and consolidation in aviation: Selected contributions to the Australian Aviation Psychology Symposium 2000 (pp. 243-254). Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1101_1"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0801_3"},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"Orasanu, J. & Fischer, U. (1997). Finding decisions in natural environments: The view from the cockpit. In C. Zsambok & G. Klein (Eds.), Naturalistic decision making (pp. 343-348). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Automation and human performance: Theory and applications","author":"Parasuraman, R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0401_1"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Sarter, N.B., Woods, D.D. & Billings, C. (1997). Automation surprises. In G. Savendy (Ed.), Handbook of human factors\/ergonomics (2nd ed., pp. 1926-1943). New York: Wiley ."},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Automation: Decision aid or decision maker? (NASA Contractor Rep.)","author":"Skitka, L.J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1999.0349"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1001_5"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.185.4157.1124"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449299008924262"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057090-7.50011-4"},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Woods, D.D. (1996). Decomposing automation: Apparent simplicity, real complexity. In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation and human performance: Theory and applications (pp. 3-18). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"Woods, D.D. & Sarter, N.B. (2000). Learning from automation surprises and \"going sour\" accidents. In N. B. Sarter & R. Amalberti (Eds.), Cognitive engineering in the aviation domain (pp. 327-353). Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum."}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872007X312513","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872007X312513","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:53:19Z","timestamp":1777449199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872007X312513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872007X312513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872007x312513","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]}}}