{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:07:15Z","timestamp":1777669635592,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This review examines research on arousal from sleep in an emergency. It considers whether the current smoke alarm signal is optimal for waking those most at risk of dying in a fire and, if not, how it may be improved. Background: The fire fatality rate during the sleeping period is approximately three times greater than at other times. Method: Four key areas are reviewed: (a) the characteristics of four signals (high-frequency beeping, Temporal 3, voice, and naturalistic sounds); (b) how human characteristics alter arousal to different signals; (c) research comparing the effectiveness of different alarms in different sleeping populations; and (d) acoustical, methodological, and theoretical implications. Results: Significant risk factors for staying asleep include high levels of background noise, being a heavy sleeper, sleep deprivation, being a child, hypnotics, alcohol intoxication, and hearing impairment. The high-frequency beeping signal was significantly less effective than either a voice alarm or mixed-frequency beeping in waking selected at-risk groups. Conclusion: The alternative signals were more effective in arousing various groups of sleepers than was the high-frequency signal currently used in smoke alarms. Application: Replacement of the current smoke alarm signal with one of a lower frequency is likely to wake more people more quickly and save lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007x215674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,21]],"date-time":"2007-07-21T13:06:14Z","timestamp":1185023174000},"page":"585-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Optimizing Emergency Awakening to Audible Smoke Alarms: An Update"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Bruck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"US experience with smoke alarms and other fire detection\/alarm equipment","author":"Ahrens, M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Ashley, E., Du Bois, J., Klassen, M. & Roby, R. 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