{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:04:31Z","timestamp":1767855871848,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: A model of conflict judgments in air traffic control (ATC) is proposed. Background: Three horizontal distances determine risk judgments about conflict between two aircraft: (a) Dt<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> is the distance between the crossing of the aircraft trajectories and the first aircraft to reach that point; (b) Dt<jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub> is the distance between the two aircraft when they are horizontally closest; and (c) Dt<jats:sub>v<\/jats:sub> is the horizontal distance between the two aircraft when their growing vertical distance reaches 1,000 feet. Methods: Two experiments tested whether the variables in the model reflect what controllers do. In Experiment 1, 125 certified controllers provided risk judgments about situations in which the model variables were manipulated. Experiment 2 investigated the relationship between the model and expertise by comparing a population of certified controllers with a population of ATC students. Results: Across both experiments, the model accounted for 44% to 50% of the variance in risk judgments by certified controllers ( N = 161) but only 20% in judgments by ATC students ( N = 88). There were major individual differences in the predictive power of the model as well as in the contributions of the three variables. In Experiment 2, the model described experts better than novices. Conclusion: The model provided a satisfying account of the data, albeit with substantial individual differences. It is argued that an individual-differences approach is required when investigating the strategies involved in conflict judgment in ATC. Application: These findings should have implications for developing user-friendly interfaces with conflict detection devices and for devising ATC training programs. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x250584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,12]],"date-time":"2008-02-12T00:57:37Z","timestamp":1202777857000},"page":"121-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Determinants of Conflict Detection: A Model of Risk Judgments in Air Traffic Control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France,"}]},{"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Raufaste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Averty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Civil Aviation Authority, Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Le cadre conceptuel pour le recueil et l'analyse des donn\u00e9es [The conceptual frame for data collection and analysis] (No. R98 842\/ICC)","author":"Abdesslem, S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The architecture of cognition","author":"Anderson, J.R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Les effets de la charge de trafic sur le niveau d'activation psychophysiologique du contr\u00f4leur a\u00e9rien [The effects of traffic load on the level of psychophysiological activation in the air traffic controller]","author":"Averty, P.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 6th Europe\/USA Seminar on Air Traffic Management Research and Development","author":"Averty, P."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138108924833"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Repr\u00e9sentation et d\u00e9cision experte: Psychologie cognitive de la d\u00e9cision chez les aiguilleurs du ciel [Representation and expert decision: Cognitive psychology in air traffic controllers' decision-making]","author":"Bisseret, A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600779744"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"L'anticipation dans le contr\u00f4le des environnements dynamiques: Le cas du contr\u00f4le du trafic a\u00e9rien [Anticipation in the management of dynamic environments: The case of air traffic control]","author":"Boudes, N.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"29","volume":"61","author":"Boudes, N.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Le Travail Humain"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Analyse de la pr\u00e9vision de s\u00e9paration entre deux avions \u00e9volutifs convergents [Analysis of the separation forecast between two converging aircraft] (No. C.O.7802-R54)","author":"Bouju, F.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2005.06.003"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188350"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 5th Eurocontrol\/FAA ATM R&D Seminar","author":"Davison, H.J."},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"363","volume":"62","author":"Denecker, P.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Le Travail Humain"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Mind over machine: The power of human intuition and expertise in the era of the computer","author":"Dreyfus, H.L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/atcq.6.1.1"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0802_6"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting","author":"Endsley, M.R."},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports and games","author":"Ericsson, K.A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Toward a general theory of expertise","author":"Ericsson, K. 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