{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T09:30:34Z","timestamp":1747906234906,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]],"date-time":"2008-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1201824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: The effects of handle friction and torque direction on muscle activity and torque are empirically investigated using cylindrical handles. Background: A torque biomechanical model that considers contact force, friction, and torque direction was evaluated using different friction handles. Methods: Twelve adults exerted hand torque in opposite directions about the long axis of a cylinder covered with aluminum or rubber while grip force, torque, and finger flexor electromyography (EMG) were recorded. In addition, participants performed grip exertions without torque, in which they matched the EMG level obtained during previous maximum torque exertions, to allow us to determine how grip force was affected by the absence of torque. Results: (a) Maximum torque was 52% greater for the high-friction rubber handle than for the low-friction aluminum handle. (b) Total normal force increased 33% with inward torque (torque applied in the direction fingertips point) and decreased 14% with outward torque (torque in the direction the thumb points), compared with that with no torque. Consequently, maximum inward torque was 45% greater than maximum outward torque. (c) The effect of torque direction was greater for the high-friction rubber handle than for the low-friction aluminum handle. Conclusion: The results support the proposed model, which predicts a large effect of torque direction when high-friction handles are gripped. Application: Designing tasks with high friction and inward rotations can increase the torque capability of workers of a given strength, or reduce required muscle activities for given torque exertions, thus reducing the risk of fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x250610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,12]],"date-time":"2008-02-12T00:57:37Z","timestamp":1202777857000},"page":"37-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Inward Torque and High-Friction Handles Can Reduce Required Muscle Efforts for Torque Generation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Na Jin","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"Don B.","family":"Chaffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Ashton-Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088803000609"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1494"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(81)90004-1"},{"volume-title":"Clinical mechanics of the hand","year":"1985","author":"Brand, P.W.","key":"atypb4"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089403600110"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088602800302"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130210162243"},{"volume-title":"Government consumer safety research: Assessment of problems related to packaging size","year":"1997","author":"Department of Trade and Industry.","key":"atypb8"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.2.244.37337"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.693bj.x"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(93)90026-A"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(92)90033-V"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138808966829"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"69","volume":"66","author":"Mathiowetz, V.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting","author":"Nagashima, K.","key":"atypb15"},{"volume-title":"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A review of the evidence","year":"1999","author":"National Research Council.","key":"atypb16"},{"volume-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities","year":"2001","author":"National Research Council &amp; Institute of Medicine.","key":"atypb17"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(75)90111-8"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting","author":"Replogle, J.O.","key":"atypb19"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 27th Annual Meeting","author":"Rohles, F.H.","key":"atypb20"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(73)90082-3"},{"volume-title":"Development of a biomechanical model of hand coupling for axial torque and push exertions on cylindrical handles. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation","year":"2007","author":"Seo, N.J.","key":"atypb22"},{"volume-title":"Presented attheAmerican Society of Biomechanics 30th Meeting","author":"Seo, N.J.","key":"atypb23"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.04.023"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X250610","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X250610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:19:04Z","timestamp":1741627144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872008X250610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872008X250610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008x250610","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}}}