{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:44:32Z","timestamp":1774658672747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of rear-end collision warnings presented in different sensory modalities as a function of warning timing in a driving simulator. Background: The proliferation of in-vehicle information and entertainment systems threatens driver attention and may increase the risk of rear-end collisions. Collision warning systems have been shown to improve inattentive and\/or distracted driver response time (RT) in rear-end collision situations. However, most previous rear-end collision warning research has not directly compared auditory, visual, and tactile warnings. Method: Sixteen participants in a fixed-base driving simulator experienced four warning conditions: no warning, visual, auditory, and tactile. The warnings activated when the time-to-collision (TTC) reached a critical threshold of 3.0 or 5.0 s. Driver RT was captured from a warning below critical threshold to brake initiation. Results: Drivers with a tactile warning had the shortest mean RT. Drivers with a tactile warning had significantly shorter RT than drivers without a warning and had a significant advantage over drivers with visual warnings. Conclusion: Tactile warnings show promise as effective rear-end collision warnings. Application: The results of this study can be applied to the future design and evaluation of automotive warnings designed to reduce rear-end collisions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x250674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,17]],"date-time":"2008-04-17T02:18:40Z","timestamp":1208398720000},"page":"264-275","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":293,"title":["A Comparison of Tactile, Visual, and Auditory Warnings for Rear-End Collision Prevention in Simulated Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"J.J.","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Air Force, Edwards Air Force Base, California,"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2004.09.008"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2005.04.006"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(05)80054-9"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Vehicle technologies to improve performance and safety (UCTC Publication No. 622)","author":"Bhatia, P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397184"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963661"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775898250"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting","author":"Ferris, T."},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Sensation and perception","author":"Goldstein, E.B.","year":"2006","edition":"7"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(00)00020-6"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirst, S. & Graham, R. (1997). The format and presentation of collision warnings . In Y. I. Noy (Ed.), Ergonomics and safety of intelligent driver interfaces (pp. 203-219). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003064107-11"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"989","volume":"38","author":"Ho, C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Accident Analysis & Prevention"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X249965"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.05.002"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138608968272"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(76)90017-8"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Development and validation of functional definitions and evaluation procedures for collision warning\/avoidance systems (No. DOT HS 808 964)","author":"Kiefer, R.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Assessment of IVHS countermeasures for collision avoidance: Rear-end crashes (DOT HS 807 995)","author":"Knipling, R.R.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p050437"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.D. (1997). A functional description of ATIS\/CVO systems to accommodate driver needs and limits. In Y. I. Noy (Ed.), Ergonomics and safety of intelligent driver interfaces (pp. 63-84). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum .","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003064107-3"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985701"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1980-09"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024497844"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Human factors in forward collision warning systems: Operating characteristics and user interface requirements","author":"McGehee, D.V.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training, and Vehicle Design","author":"Muttart, J.W."},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Traffic safety facts 2004: A compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the fatality analysis reporting system and the general estimates system (NHTSA Pub. No. DOT HS 809 919)","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/51.827409"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Sensation and perception: An integrated approach","author":"Schiffman, H.R.","year":"2000","edition":"5"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779656716"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.9.1.23"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00386"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb33","volume":"3","author":"Tan, H.Z.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haptics-e"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Driver distraction with wireless telecommunications and route guidance systems (NHTSA Pub. No. DOT HS 809-069)","author":"Tijerina, L.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.04.007"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0014013042000327670"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2004.09.003"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickens, C.D. & Flach, J.M. (1998). Information processing. In E. L. Wiener & D. C. Nagel (Eds.), Human factors in aviation (pp. 111-150). San Diego: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057090-7.50011-4"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X250674","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X250674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T03:33:35Z","timestamp":1741664015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872008X250674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872008X250674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008x250674","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}}}