{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:44:09Z","timestamp":1769168649405,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: To investigate the relationship among friction, applied torque, and axial push force on cylindrical handles. Background: We have earlier demonstrated that participants can exert greater contact force and torque in an \u201cinward\u201d movement of the hand about the long axis of a gripped cylinder (wrist flexion\/forearm supination) than they can in an \u201coutward\u201d hand movement. Method: Twelve healthy participants exerted anteriorly directed maximum push forces along the long axis of aluminum and rubber handles while applying deliberate inward or outward torques, no torque (straight), and an unspecified (preferred) torque. Results: Axial push force was 12% greater for the rubber handle than for the aluminum handle. Participants exerted mean torques of 1.1, 0.3, 2.5, and \u20142.0 Nm and axial push forces of 94, 85, 75, and 65 N for the preferred, straight, inward, and outward trials, respectively. Left to decide for themselves, participants tended to apply inward torques, which were associated with increased axial push forces. Conclusion: Axial push force was limited by hand-handle coupling \u2014 not the whole body's push strength. Participants appeared to intuitively know that the application of an inward torque would improve their maximum axial push force. Axial push forces were least when a deliberate torque was requested, probably because high levels of torque exertions interfered with the push. Application: A low-friction handle decreases maximum axial push force. It should be anticipated that people will apply inward torque during maximum axial push. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x250692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,17]],"date-time":"2008-04-17T02:18:40Z","timestamp":1208398720000},"page":"227-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Effect of Handle Friction and Inward or Outward Torque on Maximum Axial Push Force"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Na Jin","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"Don B.","family":"Chaffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Ashton-Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1494"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137108931271"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Biofeedback: Principles and practice for clinicians","author":"Basmajian, J.V.","year":"1989","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Friction and discomfort in the design and use of hand tools","author":"Bobjer, O.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138808966676"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089403600110"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705037"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088302500508"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967897"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(77)90003-5"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00029-2"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"10","volume":"47","author":"DeVries, H.A.","year":"1968","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Medicine"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(80)90120-9"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting","author":"Ebersole, M."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.2.244.37337"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.693bj.x"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087101300204"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(93)90026-A"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(92)90033-V"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Use of a biomechanical model of the hand to evaluate physical task requirements","author":"Grieshaber, D.C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"152","volume":"314","author":"Lamoreaux, L.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Official statistics of Sweden: Occupational disease and occupational accidents 1989","author":"Malker, B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"69","volume":"66","author":"Mathiowetz, V.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A review of the evidence","author":"National Research Council.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities","author":"National Research Council &amp; 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