{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T01:54:40Z","timestamp":1779328480089,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Examine how driving experience and expectations affect the ability of experienced drivers to identify traffic signs \u2014 specifically, no right turn (NRT) and no left turn (NLT) at intersections. Background: Failure to heed signs is a frequent cause of accidents, and the authors focused on the contributions of experience and expectancy to sign identification. Method: Inexperienced and experienced drivers were connected to an eye tracker system and briefly exposed to various traffic scenes. Some of the pictures included an NRT sign at the expected location (on the right), and some included the same sign at an unexpected location (on the left). The same procedure was used with an NLT traffic sign. Results: Experienced drivers identified traffic signs better than inexperienced drivers did when the signs were posted at the expected location but identified them worse than did inexperienced drivers when they were at unexpected locations. Conclusions: With experience, drivers' expectations regarding the expected location of traffic signs become so strong that violating these expectancies results in more identification errors among experienced drivers than among inexperienced drivers. To optimize experienced drivers' traffic sign identification, signs must be located in accordance with drivers' expectations \u2014 specifically, on the right side of the road. Applications: When signs are misplaced, crashes can be caused by inappropriate placement rather than inappropriate driving. Highway designers should ensure that their design conforms to standards that shape experienced drivers' expectations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x288330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,16]],"date-time":"2008-04-16T22:18:40Z","timestamp":1208384320000},"page":"173-182","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Relation Between Driving Experience and Recognition of Road Signs Relative to Their Locations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Avinoam","family":"Borowsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Shinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yisrael","family":"Parmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Remembering: An experimental and social study","author":"Bartlett, F.C.","year":"1932"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872006776412298"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(83)90002-7"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90007-X"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"135","volume":"18","author":"Brostr\u00f6m, G.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Abstracts of Dissertations and Research Reports, Book Reviews"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401398186937"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Introductory statistics with R","author":"Dalgaad, P.","year":"2004","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiologic research","author":"Dohoo, I.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.012021"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Hazard perception by inexperienced motorcyclists (Monash University Accident Research Centre, Report No. 179)","author":"Haworth, N.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Horswill, M.S. & McKenna, F.P. (2004). A cognitive approach to situation awareness. In S. Banbury & S. Tremblay (Eds.), Theory and application (pp. 155-175). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138608968272"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110115363"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210264"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(02)00100-8"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90019-5"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.88.1.11"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0318-1"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"The known risks we run: The highway (TRRL Supplementary Report 567). Crowthorn","author":"Sabey, B.E.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Theeuwes, J. (1996). Visual search at intersections: An eye-movement analysis. InA. G. Gale, I. Brown, C. Haslegrave , & S. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles VI (pp. 125-134). New York: North-Holland, Elsevier Science."},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Theeuwes, J. & Hagenzieker, M.P. (1993). Visual search of traffic scenes: On the effect of location expectations. InA. G. Gale, I. D. Brown, C. M. Haslegrave, H. W. Kruysse , & S. P. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles IV (pp. 149-158). 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