{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:09:16Z","timestamp":1768259356909,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: Our goal was to briefly describe how macroergonomics was developed to fill a void in human factors and ergonomics. Background: A study commissioned by the Human Factors Society in 1978 resulted in the formalization of a new subdiscipline of human factors, called organizational design and management, which eventually was coined macroergonomics.Method: Differentiators of macroergonomics are presented along with methods adapted from other domains as well as unique methods. Results: Based on laboratory and field studies conducted at multiple universities, government facilities, and industries, work system factors can be manipulated in the laboratory and studied in the field successfully. Also, case studies in academia, industry, and government demonstrate 60% to 90% performance impact and positive qualitative changes such as culture change. Conclusion: Macroergonomics offers a perspective as well as methods and tools for more successful human factors and ergonomics design, development, intervention, and implementation. Application: Human factors engineers or psychologists and ergonomists can use the perspective of macroergonomics to achieve better results or can expand their involvement of macroergonomics through the use of methods and tools. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x288501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,23]],"date-time":"2008-06-23T13:07:19Z","timestamp":1214226439000},"page":"461-467","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Macroergonomics: Work System Analysis and Design"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Kleiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Organizations: Theory and design","author":"Bedeian, A.G.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007X230145"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.4.711.56810"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-003-0249-y"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779656743"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130210123516"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108967348"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Economics of ergonomics","author":"Hendrick, H.W.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(03)00062-0"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Macroergonomics: An introduction to work system design","author":"Hendrick, H.W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12477"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12477-14"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471721174.ch5"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Kleiner, B.M. & Hendrick, H.W. (1999). Revisiting macroergonomics as an integrating mechanism for TQM and ergonomics. In J. Axelsson, J. Eklund, & B. Bergman (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on TQM and Human Factors (pp. 128-133). Linkoping, Sweden: CMTO."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagamachi, M. & Imada, A. (1992). A macroergonomic approach for improving safety and work design. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting - 1992 (pp. 859-861). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1518\/107118192786750377"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Research needs for human factors","author":"Pew, R. W.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Human-system integration in the system development process: A new look","author":"Pew, R. W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Organization theory: The structure and design of organizations","author":"Robbins, S.R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"271","volume":"6","author":"Saleem, J.J.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(89)90051-6"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics methods","author":"Stanton, N.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"Stevenson, W.B. (1993). Organizational design. In R. T. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 141-168). New York: Marcel Dekker."}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X288501","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X288501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T20:21:36Z","timestamp":1741638096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872008X288501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872008X288501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008x288501","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}}}