{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:05:55Z","timestamp":1741752355985,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Objective: We describe a major factor in research in warnings \u2014 namely, forensics. Background: During the past three decades, much of the empirical warnings research has been published in human factors and ergonomics (HF\/E) literature. A major impetus to that research has been concurrent activity by HF\/E professionals participating as expert witnesses in product liability and personal injury cases in which there is a claim of failure to adequately warn about associated hazards. Method: We review how the issues in forensics can identify researchable questions. This effort has prompted important questions to be addressed that have resulted in publications. Two examples are provided: vehicle seat recline and explicitness. Results: The research has contributed to theory and model building of the processing involved. The research prompted by practical forensic issues can contribute to knowledge that is not limited in scope to particular instances, as is sometimes ascribed to applied research; it can also offer confirmatory support for theory or its modification. Conclusion: A practice-driven approach to the initiation of research can benefit not only application and practice but also theory. Application: Results in the warnings research domain can enhance safety and aid decisions in forensic contexts. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008x288538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,23]],"date-time":"2008-06-23T13:07:19Z","timestamp":1214226439000},"page":"529-533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["On the Symbiotic Relationship Between Warnings Research and Forensics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Laughery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University, Houston, Texas,"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Wogalter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askren, W.B. & Howard, J.M. (2005). A road map for the practice of forensic human factors and ergonomics. In I. Y. Noy & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Handbook of human factors in litigation (pp. 5.1-5.16). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.","key":"atypb1","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203490297.ch5"},{"unstructured":"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991), vacated, 113 S.Ct.2786 (1993).","key":"atypb2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb3","DOI":"10.1177\/001872089403600309"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb4","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088803000411"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb5","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.2.183.37344"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting","author":"Kalsher, M.J.","key":"atypb6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2006.04.020"},{"unstructured":"Laughery, K.R. & Smith, D.P. (2006). Explicit information in warnings. In M. S. Wogalter (Ed.), Handbook of warnings (pp. 605-615). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.","key":"atypb8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laughery, K.R. & Wogalter, M.S. (2005). The warning expert. In I. Y. Noy & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Handbook of human factors in litigation (pp. 30.1-30.14). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.","key":"atypb9","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203490297.ch30"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laughery, K.R. & Wogalter, M.S. (2006). Designing effective warnings . In R. C. Williges (Ed.), Reviews of human factors and ergonomics (pp. 241-271). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","key":"atypb10","DOI":"10.1177\/1557234X0600200109"},{"unstructured":"Lehto, M.R. (2006). Optimal warnings: An information and decision theoretic perspective. In M. S. Wogalter (Ed.), Handbook of warnings (pp. 89-108). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.","key":"atypb11"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 50th Annual Meeting","author":"Leonard, S.D.","key":"atypb12"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting","author":"Leonard, S.D.","key":"atypb13"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb14","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120004402036"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madden, M.S. (1999). The law relating to warnings. In M. S. Wogalter, D. M. DeJoy, & K. R. Laughery (Eds.), Warnings and risk communication (pp. 315-330). London: Taylor & Francis.","key":"atypb15","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203983836.pt5"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Warnings and safety instructions: An annotated bibliography","author":"Miller, J.M.","year":"2001","edition":"4"},{"volume-title":"Handbook of human factors in litigation","year":"2005","author":"Noy, I. Y.","key":"atypb17"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the XVth Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association","author":"Paige, D.L.","key":"atypb18"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papinchock, J.M. & Landy, F.J. (2005). The influence of Daubert on expert witness testimony: The human factors context. In I. Y. Noy & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Handbook of human factors in litigation (pp. 7.1-7.12). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.","key":"atypb19","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203490297.ch7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb20","DOI":"10.1177\/106480469900700105"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting","author":"Rhoades, T.P.","key":"atypb21"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb22","DOI":"10.1518\/001872000779656624"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb23","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482289688-16"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb24","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482289688"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb25","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088903100202"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb26","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088702900509"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"atypb27","DOI":"10.1002\/0470048204.ch32"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X288538","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872008X288538","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T23:52:42Z","timestamp":1741650762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872008X288538"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872008X288538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872008x288538","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}}}