{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T16:23:06Z","timestamp":1761841386357,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,9,1]],"date-time":"1996-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":841536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Closed captions are broadcast with television programs for special-needs viewers such as hearing-impaired people. We examined how caption presentation rate, small amounts of induced dioptric blur, and English learned as a second language affect the reading performance of good readers. Thirty-two college graduates with normal hearing and vision, half of whom learned English as a second language, read television captions that consisted of white capital letters equivalent in size to 20\/92 Snellen letters on a black background. Text was presented at rates of 55, 120, and 216 words\/min. Lenses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 diopters (D) were worn over the person's best refractive correction. The fastest text rate and small amounts of blur significantly disrupted reading performance. People who learned English as a second language were hindered more by presentation rate than by dioptric blur. Surprisingly, people with refractive errors (even though they were optically corrected) were hindered less by induced blur than were people with normally clear vision. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778702006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,24]],"date-time":"2006-10-24T14:06:29Z","timestamp":1161698789000},"page":"452-463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Television Captions for Hearing-Impaired People: A Study of Key Factors that Affect Reading Performance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Thorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Sondra","family":"Thorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,9,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The eye and its disorders in the elderly.","year":"1986","author":"Caird, F. I.","key":"atypb1"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10050-024"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"384","volume-title":"Handbook of the psychology of the aging","author":"Craik, F. I. M.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"165","volume":"87","author":"Gottlieb, D. D.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Volta Review,"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"690","volume":"34","author":"Gwiazda, J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science,"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"128","volume":"16","author":"Johnson, D. D.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Rehabilitative Audiology,"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Aging and human visual function","author":"Kline, D. W.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90118-X"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90028-9"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-197411000-00003"},{"volume-title":"The deaf population of the United States","year":"1974","author":"Schein, J. D.","key":"atypb11"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/22.3.353"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"61","volume":"8","author":"Stewart, D. A.","year":"1984","journal-title":"British Columbia Journal of Special Education,"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorn, F., Cameron, L., Arnel, J. & Thorn, S. (1996). Effects of dioptric blur on the visual performance of myopic and emmetropic young adults. In Vision science and its applications (Vol. I, 1996 OSA Technical Digest Series, pp. 135\u2013138). Washington, DC: Optical Society of America.","DOI":"10.1364\/VSIA.1996.SaC.3"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2012.0714"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Gallaudet Conference on Reading in Relation to Deafness","author":"Trybus, R.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Aging and human visual function","author":"Walsh, D. A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199301000-00010"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Frank Thorn is a professor of vision science at the New England College of Optometry. He received his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Rochester and his doctor of optometry degree from the New England College of Optometry."},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Sondra Thorn is a research associate at the New England College of Optometry. She received her B.S. from the University of Rochester."}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872096778702006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872096778702006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:34:00Z","timestamp":1741628040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872096778702006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872096778702006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872096778702006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,9]]}}}