{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:24:29Z","timestamp":1767666269056,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]],"date-time":"1996-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":849398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Threshold sizes for accurate identification were determined for three different types of highway signs (text, icon, and modified icon) under two conditions of horizontal target motion (60\u00b0 and 120\u00b0 per second). The two iconic versions were superior to the text version in nearly all cases, and this benefit of the pictorial format was even more pronounced in the higher-velocity condition. The advantage of the modified icon signs over the standard icon signs that had been determined in previous work was replicated here under the low-velocity condition but essentially disappeared under the higher-velocity condition. Sign-reading performance was found to be related to dynamic visual acuity (with Landolt-C targets) under the two velocity conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the \u201clow-pass format\u201d for sign design suggested by previous researchers and in terms of the potential utility of dynamic acuity for the driving setting. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778827215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,8]],"date-time":"2006-11-08T22:46:33Z","timestamp":1163025993000},"page":"690-701","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Visibility of Text and Icon Highway Signs under Dynamic Viewing Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Gerald M.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America","author":"Babbitt, T. 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