{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T08:28:15Z","timestamp":1769156895654,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]],"date-time":"1996-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":849398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study examines the relationship between forearm EMGs and keyboard reaction forces in 10 people during keyboard tasks performed at a comfortable speed. A linear fit of EMG force data for each person and finger was calculated during static fingertip loading. An average r<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of .71 was observed for forces below 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). These regressions were used to characterize EMG data in force units during the typing task. Averaged peak reaction forces measured during typing ranged from 3.33 N (thumb) to 1.84 N (little finger), with an overall average of 2.54 N, which represents about 10% MVC and 5.4 times the key switch make force (0.47 N). Individual peak or mean finger forces obtained from EMG were greater (1.2 to 3.2 times) than force measurements; hence the range of r<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for EMG force was .10 to .46. A closer correspondence between EMG and peak force was obtained using EMG averaged across all fingers. For 5 of the participants the force computed from EMG was within \u00b120% of the reaction force. For the other 5 participants forces were overestimated. For 9 participants the difference between EMG estimated force and the reaction force was less than 13% MVC. It is suggested that the difference between EMG and finger force partly results from the amount of muscle load not captured by the measured applied force. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778827288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,8]],"date-time":"2006-11-08T22:46:33Z","timestamp":1163025993000},"page":"654-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Keyboard Reaction Force and Finger Flexor Electromyograms during Computer Keyboard Work"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Foulke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"Sivakumaran","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Klinenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, California"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Serina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, California"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rempel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, California"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872087201400401"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"American national standard for human factors engineering of visual display terminal workstations","author":"Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1494"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15428119491019230"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088602800308"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Muscle alive.","author":"Basmajian, J. V.","year":"1985","edition":"5"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"1186","volume":"22","author":"Bureau of National Affairs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Occupational Safety and Health Reporter,"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"A study of muscle activity in workplaces with keyboard operations","author":"Colombini, D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"270","volume":"7","author":"Dickson, R. A.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering,"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700260503"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963664"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153944928700700303"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"142","volume":"3274","author":"Galen, M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Business Week"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Guggenb\u00fchl, U. & Krueger, H. (1990). Musculoskeletal strain resulting from keyboard use. In L. Berlinguet & D. Berthelette, (Eds.), Proceedings of work with display units 89 (pp. 121\u2013128). Amsterdam: North-Holland."},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Force required to actuate switches, maximum pushing force, and coefficient of friction of mercury gloves","author":"Haaland, J.","year":"1963"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1938.0050"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(78)80008-2"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000142668"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"534","volume":"47","author":"Laubach, L. L.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine,"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.54.6.1653"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Long, C. & Brown, M. E. (1962, September). Electromyographic kinesiology of the hand: Part M. Lumbricalis and flexor digitorum profundus to the long finger. Archives of Physical Medicine, 450\u2013460."},{"key":"atypb22","volume":"24","author":"Lundervold, A. J. S.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica,"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.5.483"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"455","volume":"94","author":"Person, R. S.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (USSR),"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70536-5.50026-9"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Rempel, D. M., Martin, B. J., Armstrong, T. J., Natarajan, S., Klinengerg, E. & Serina, E. (1994). Finger force during computer keyboard work: Part II. Relation of keyswitch make force to applied force and surface EMG. In Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (pp. 201\u2013203). London: Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Engineering anthropometry methods","author":"Roebuck, J. 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