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Eighty male undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four training conditions: cross-training, low workload; cross-training, high workload; no cross-training, low workload; and no cross-training, high workload. Results indicated that cross-training was an important determinant of effective teamwork process, communication, and performance. Predicted interactions between cross-training and workload were not supported. Implications for the design and implementation of cross-training as a means to improve team functioning are discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778940741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,22]],"date-time":"2006-11-22T01:33:15Z","timestamp":1164159195000},"page":"87-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":208,"title":["The Impact of Cross-Training on Team Functioning: An Empirical Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Volpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Air Warfare Center, Orlando, Florida"}]},{"given":"Janis A.","family":"Cannon-Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Air Warfare Center, Orlando, Florida"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Air Warfare Center, Orlando, Florida"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology","author":"Baker, C. 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Defining team competencies and establishing training requirements. In R. Guzzo & E. Salas, (Eds.), Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations (pp. 333\u2013380. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"A functional integrated systems trainer: Technical design and operation","author":"Cream, B. W.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackman, J. R. (1986). The psychology of self-management in organizations. In M. S. Pallak & R. Perloff, (Eds.), Psychology and work (pp. 89\u2013136. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/10055-003"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Studies in aircrew composition: Measurement of cross-training in B-29 aircrews","author":"Hemphill, J. K.","year":"1952"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Hinrichs, J. R. (1976). Personal training. In M. D. Dunnette, (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 829\u2013860. 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