{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:37:19Z","timestamp":1762954639550,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1996,3,1]],"date-time":"1996-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":825638400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Performance on a simulated command and control warfare task was examined as a function of cold-air-induced adrenergic stress. Twenty participants who were experienced with naval war fighting systems completed a scripted 54-min scenario task while exposed to room temperatures of either 22\u00b0C or 4\u00b0C. The combined task and cold-exposure paradigm significantly elevated heart rate and catecholamine levels. Task performance was nearly identical for both groups for the scenario as a whole. During a 12-min portion of the scenario when hostilities were simulated, stressed participants were more liberal with missile fire and more conservative in their responses to commands requiring greater knowledge of the tactical situation. The responses to commands requiring participants to identify symbols with particular attributes were equivalent for both groups during the hostilities phase. The study demonstrates the utility of the task-independent stressor paradigm for the examination of complex task performance under stress. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778940796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,22]],"date-time":"2006-11-22T01:33:15Z","timestamp":1164159195000},"page":"130-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of Cold Air Stress on the Performance of a Command and Control Task"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Karl F.","family":"van Orden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, Connecticut"}]},{"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Benoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, Connecticut"}]},{"given":"Glenn A.","family":"Osga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center, San Diego, California"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6143403"},{"key":"atypb2","volume":"75","author":"Berkun, M. M.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychological Monographs,"},{"volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","year":"1988","author":"Cohen, J.","key":"atypb3"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047707"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088202400509"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"233","volume":"56","author":"Ellis, H. D.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine,"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708966037"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3628.180"},{"volume-title":"Handbook of perception and human performance","year":"1986","author":"Hockey, G. R. J.","key":"atypb9"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Selye's guide to stress research","author":"Janis, I. L.","year":"1983"},{"volume-title":"The psychophysiology of mental illness","year":"1975","author":"Lader, M.","key":"atypb11"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.47.6.1207"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"238","volume-title":"Feelings and emotions","author":"Lindsley, D. B.","year":"1950"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Handbook of experimental psychology","author":"Lindsley, D. B.","year":"1951"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00524.x"},{"volume-title":"Measurement, modeling and analysis of human performance with combat information center consoles","year":"1989","author":"Osga, G. A.","key":"atypb16"},{"volume-title":"Combat information center human-computer interface design studies","year":"1995","author":"Osga, G. A.","key":"atypb17"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamperin, K. L. & Wickens, C. D. (1987). The effects of modality and stress across task type on human performance. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting (pp. 514\u2013518). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128703100507"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, R. D., Boehm-Davis, D. A. & Fertig, J. B. (1994). Decision-making performance and decision aid usage under controllable and uncontrollable stress. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting (p. 979). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129403801569"},{"volume-title":"The stress of life","year":"1956","author":"Selye, H.","key":"atypb20"},{"volume-title":"STANAG 4420 ratification recommendations final report","year":"1991","author":"Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command","key":"atypb21"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"1063","volume":"60","author":"Thomas, J. R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine,"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.3.962"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90204-9"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"636","volume":"61","author":"Van Orden, K. F.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine,"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086600800604"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62306-7"},{"volume-title":"The integration of complex information from auditory and visual channels under stress","year":"1990","author":"Wickens, C. D.","key":"atypb28"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872096778940796","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872096778940796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T09:25:41Z","timestamp":1741685141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872096778940796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872096778940796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872096778940796","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]}}}