{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:45:21Z","timestamp":1772811921003,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]],"date-time":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":865123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The transfer of tactical aviation technology into automobiles is creating information display requirements that are likely to be met by use of the head-up display (HUD). These developments are based largely on conclusions that the HUD-related safety issues raised in the aviation HUD literature can be dismissed and that the benefits of using HUDs are certain. Such conclusions either neglect relevant research or are supported by a very small amount of evidence, much of which is either irrelevant or generated within a flawed methodological paradigm. This critical review covers the issues of (a) HUD focal distance and its effect on the perception of outside objects and (b) the effects of HUD imagery on visual attention. The issues of focal distance, cognitive capture, and the inherent connection between the two may have a greater impact on safety in the automotive context than they do in aviation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T22:31:03Z","timestamp":1159741863000},"page":"303-311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Automotive HUDs: The Overlooked Safety Issues"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Tufano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"192","volume":"4","author":"Bossi, L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ergonomics and Design"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Electronic display technology and information systems","author":"Enderby, C. 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J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Human Factors Society Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Human factors issues in head-up display design: The book of HUD (CSERIAC state of the art report)","author":"Weintraub, D. J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weintraub, D. J., Haines, R. F. & Randle, R. J. (1984). The utility of head-up displays: Eye-focus vs. decision times. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting (pp. 529\u2013533). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128402800617"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weintraub, D. J., Haines, R. F. & Randle, R. J. (1985). Head-up display (HUD) utility: II. Runway to HUD transitions monitoring eye focus and decision times. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting (pp. 615\u2013619). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128502900621"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickens, C. D. & Long, J. (1994). Conformal symbology, attention shifts, and the head-up display. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting (pp. 6\u201310). 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