{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:49:05Z","timestamp":1777668545379,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]],"date-time":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":865123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Experiments were conducted in a fixed-base, high-fidelity simulator to evaluate selected in-vehicle route guidance systems. Drivers navigated a simulated network using five route guidance systems: paper map, head-down turn-by-turn display, head-down electronic route map, head-up turn-by-turn display, and an audio guidance system. The primary measure of driving performance was the reaction time to a scanning task. Other measures included navigation errors, workload, and perception ratings. Censored regression models were developed to study the effect of route guidance type on reaction times. Results indicated that the drivers responded the fastest while using the audio system and the slowest while using the paper map. The head-up turn-by-turn display was associated with lower reaction times compared with an identically designed head-down turn-by-turn display. The head-down electronic map, despite its complexity, performed better than the head-down turn-by-turn display.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T18:31:03Z","timestamp":1159727463000},"page":"200-215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Effect of Selected In-Vehicle Route Guidance Systems on Driver Reaction Times"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Raghavan","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dowling College, Oakdale, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul P.","family":"Jovanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(05)80054-9"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VNIS.1993.585656"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Visual search","author":"Cole, B. 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In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting (pp. 607\u2013611). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129303700920"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Analysis of panel data.","author":"Hsiao, C.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138608968272"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"A simulator evaluation of five in-vehicle navigation aids","author":"Landau, F. 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Simulation study of the effect of four route guidance systems on driver distraction. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of IVHS America (pp, 735\u2013742), Washington, DC: IVHS America."},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Srinivasan, R., Landau, F, H., Hein, C. M. & Jovanis, P. (1994). Effect of in-vehicle driver information systems on driving performance: Simulation studies. In Proceedings of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (pp. 1717\u20131725). Brussels: ERTICO."},{"key":"atypb24","author":"Stokes, A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Display technology: Human factors aspects."},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80017-1"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"In-vehicle navigation devices: Effects on the safety of driving performance","author":"Walker, J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(94)90049-3"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Vision in vehicles II","author":"Wierwille, W. W.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Effects of variations in driving task attentional demand on in-car navigation system usage","author":"Wierwille, W. W.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Specification of a methodology for investigating the human factors of advanced driver information systems","author":"Zaidel, D. 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