{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:49:18Z","timestamp":1777668558490,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]],"date-time":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":865123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three on-road studies were conducted to determine how headway maintenance and collision warning displays influence driver behavior. Visual perspective, visual perspective with a pointer, visual perspective combined with an auditory warning, discrete visual warning, and discrete auditory warning were assessed during both coupled headway and deceleration events. Results indicate that when drivers are provided with salient visual information regarding safe headways, they utilize the information and increase their headway when appropriate. Auditory warnings were less effective than visual warnings for increasing headways but may be helpful for improving reaction time during events that require deceleration. Drivers were some what insensitive to false alarm rates, at least during short-term use. Finally, and most important, driver headway maintenance increased by as much as 0.5 s when the appropriate visual display was used. However, a study to investigate the long term effects of such displays on behavior is strongly recommended prior to mass marketing of headway maintenance\/collision warning devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T18:31:03Z","timestamp":1159727463000},"page":"216-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Human Factors Field Evaluation of Automotive Headway Maintenance\/Collision Warning Devices"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Dingus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel V.","family":"McGehee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natarajan","family":"Manakkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven K.","family":"Jahns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cher","family":"Carney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Hankey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Measurement of the minimum reaction time for braking vehicles","author":"Davis, D.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"863","volume":"36","author":"Evans, L.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Studies of automobile and truck rear lighting and signaling systems","author":"Hoffman, E. R.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz, A. B. & Dingus, T. A. (1992). Warning signal design: Akey human factors issue in an in-vehicle front-to-rear-end collision warning system. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting (pp. 1011\u20131013). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129203601320"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortimer, R. G. (1990). Perceptual factors in rear-end crashes. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting (pp. 591\u2013594). Santa Monica, CA; Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129003400804"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"National accident sampling system.","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Fatal accident reporting system","author":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088602800110"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1982.55.2.594"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Field evaluation of a Nissan laser collision avoidance system (NHTSA, Contract DTNH22-87-D-07174)","author":"Stein, A. C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"19","volume":"59","author":"Taoka, G. T.","year":"1989","journal-title":"ITE Journal"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Thomas A. Dingus is a professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In addition, he is director of the University Center for Transportation Research. He received his Ph.D. in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Tech in 1987,"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"Daniel V. McGehee holds an M.S. in human factors from the University of Idaho. He is currently a research associate in the Human Factors Research Group at the University of Iowa's Iowa Driving Simulator."},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Natarajan Manakkal received his B.S. degree from the University of Madras, Madras, India in 1992 and is a graduate student in industrial engineering at the University of Iowa. He is currently working at Honda Research and Development in Torrence, California."},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Steven K. Jahns received his Ph.D. in industrial engineering from the University of Iowa (1996). He is a project engineer at the PACCAR Technical Center in Mount Vernon, Washington."},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Cher Carney received a B.A. in psychology from the University of Northern Iowa and is currently pursuing an M.S. degree in industrial engineering from the University of Iowa. She is a graduate research assistant working at the Iowa Driving Simulator."},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Jonathan M. Hankey received his Ph.D. in industrial engineering\/ ergonomics from the University of Iowa in 1996 and is an ergonomist\/operations technician at Boeing Commercial Airplane Group in Seattle, Washington."}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872097778543930","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872097778543930","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:50:20Z","timestamp":1777449020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872097778543930"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872097778543930"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872097778543930","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}}}