{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T17:02:08Z","timestamp":1774112528450,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Key switch design parameters, including make force, make travel, and over travel, were investigated for minimizing operator-exerted force while maximizing key-tapping speed. A mechanical apparatus was designed, constructed, and used for independently controlling key switch parameters and for directly measuring finger exertions during repetitive key tapping using strain gauge load cells. The task for the 25 participants involved using the index finger of the dominant hand to repeatedly depress a single key as rapidly as possible. Participants received visual and auditory feedback upon a successful keystroke. Peak force exerted decreased 24% and key-tapping rate increased 2% when over travel was distended from 0.0 to 3.0 mm. Although peak force exerted was not significantly affected by make point travel, key-tapping rate increased 2% when make point travel was reduced from 4.0 to 1.0 mm. These results indicate that key switch mechanisms that provide adequate over travel might enable operators to exert less force during repetitive key tapping without inhibiting performance <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778940605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,22]],"date-time":"2006-11-22T01:33:15Z","timestamp":1164159195000},"page":"130-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Activation Force and Travel effects on Overexertion in Repetitive Key Tapping"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Radwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin"}]},{"given":"One-Jang","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akagi, K. (1992). A computer keyboard key feel study in performance and preference. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting (pp. 523\u2013527). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129203600511"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15428119491019230"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1379"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Handbook of mechanics, materials, and structures.","author":"Blake, A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunner, H. & Richardson, R. M. (1984). Effects of keyboard design and typing skill on user keyboard preferences and throughput performance. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting (pp. 267\u2013271). 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(1994). Finger force during computer keyboard work: Part 1. Relation of keyboard reaction force to finger flexor muscles surface EMG. In Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 2, pp. 198\u2013200). Toronto: Human Factors Association of Canada."},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"31","volume":"11","author":"McPhee, B.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Human Ergology"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Health hazard evaluation report","author":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(94)90227-5"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Rempel, D., Klinenberg, E., Serina, E., Martin, B. J., Armstrong, T. J., Foulke, J. A. & Natarajan, S. (1994). Finger force during computer keyboard work: Part II. Relation of key switch make force to applied force and surface EMG. In Proceedings of the 12th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 2, pp. 201\u2013203). 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