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Participants were asked to judge as quickly and accurately as possible whether the map and FFOV matched or mismatched. Elevation angle, azimuth angle, type of mismatch trial, and image complexity were manipulated; both response time and accuracy were recorded. Results were generally as predicted. Of greatest interest, we found a fairly linear performance decrement associated with the difference in foreshortening between the two views (a trigonometric conversion of elevation angle disparity), a somewhat nonlinear performance decrement associated with azimuth angle disparity, and no interaction between the two. Finally, we address how elevation and azimuth might influence 3D map display design. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779480497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,13]],"date-time":"2007-01-13T15:25:31Z","timestamp":1168701931000},"page":"209-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Navigational Checking Using 3D Maps: The Influence of Elevation Angle, Azimuth, and Foreshortening"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Raytheon Training and Services, Mesa, Arizona"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois"}]},{"given":"Goetz J.","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daimler Benz, Stuttgart, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Alton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Hickox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"996","volume":"55","author":"Antunano, M. 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Visual enhancements for perspective displays: Perspective parameters. In Proceedings of the 1985 International Conference on Systems, Man & Cybernetics (pp. 297\u2013305). Wachtberg Werthoven, West Germany: Forschungs-instit\u00fct f\u00fcr Anthropotechnik."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045689","volume":"67","author":"Fitts, P. M.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.13.3.395"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/HV50-P013-1723-5J33"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, P. & Williams, M. (1992). Perspective in orientation\/navigation displays: A human factors test. In Proceedings of the Vehicular Navigation and Information Systems Conference (pp. 221\u2013226). 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