{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:51:19Z","timestamp":1777668679772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]],"date-time":"1998-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":904608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>System responsiveness (SR) is defined as the elapsed time until a system responds to user control. SR fluctuates over time, so it must be described statistically with mean (MSR) and standard deviation (SDSR). In this paper, we examine SR in virtual environments (VEs), outlining its components and methods of experimental measurement and manipulation. Three studies of MSR and SDSR effects on performance of grasp and placement tasks are then presented. The studies used within-subjects designs with 11, 12, and 10 participants, respectively. Results showed that SDSR affected performance only if it was above 82 ms. Placement required more frequent visual feedback and was more sensitive to SR. We infer that VE designers need not tightly control SDSR and may wish to vary SR control based on required visual feedback frequency. These results may be used to improve the human-computer interface in a wide range of interactive graphical applications, including scientific visualization, training, mental health, and entertainment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779591287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,20]],"date-time":"2007-01-20T10:29:16Z","timestamp":1169288956000},"page":"403-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Effects of Variation in System Responsiveness on User Performance in Virtual Environments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neff","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Ribarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Spaulding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/91385.91416"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Bryson, S. (1993).\n                      Implementing virtual reality\n                      (SIGGRAPH 1993 Course #43 notes, pp. 1.1.1-1.6.6, 16.1-16.12). (Available from the Association for Computing Machinery, 1515 Broadway, 17th Fl., New York, NY 10010)"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108874"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086600800509"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funkhouser, T. & S\u00e9quin, C. (1993). Adaptive display algorithm for interactive frame raes during visualization of complex virtual environments. In Computer graphics (annual conference series, SIGGRAPH 93 Conference Proceedings, pp. 247\u2013254). New York: ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/166117.166149"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/120782.120784"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169431"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.4.421"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Characterization of end-to-end delays in headmounted display systems","author":"Mine, M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/142413.142416"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/108844.108913"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Telerobotics, automation, and human supervisory control","author":"Sheridan, T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.136003"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dam, A. (1993). VR as a forcing function: Software implications of a new paradigm. In IEEE Symposium on Research Frontiers in Virtual Reality (pp. 5\u20138). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1993.378270"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/198425.198426"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"6-1","volume-title":"Handbook of human perception and performance","author":"Watson, A. B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Level of detail management.","author":"Watson, B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1997.583042"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"619","volume-title":"Handbook of human perception and performance","author":"Wickens, C. D.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Engineering psychology and human performance","author":"Wickens, C. D.","year":"1992","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1995.4.1.50"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872098779591287","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872098779591287","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:50:50Z","timestamp":1777449050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872098779591287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872098779591287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872098779591287","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]}}}