{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:12:49Z","timestamp":1767676369940,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Crew resource management (CRM) has been the most widely used instructional strategy to enhance teamwork skills within aviation. However, few studies have provided empirical evidence that this strategy results in increased use of teamwork behaviors. The current paper describes 2 evaluation studies of CRM training that were conducted with 96 naval aviators and followed a multiple assessment approach. Results indicated that highly experienced aviators benefited from the training, which focused on increasing the use of several critical teamwork skills. These rare evaluation data suggest that CRM training is a viable strategy for improving teamwork in the cockpit. Implications for team training are discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779591169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,20]],"date-time":"2007-01-20T15:29:16Z","timestamp":1169306956000},"page":"326-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Does CRM Training Improve Teamwork Skills in the Cockpit?: Two Evaluation Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Salas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Fowlkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e J.","family":"Stout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Orlando, Florida"}]},{"given":"Dana M.","family":"Milanovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Orlando, Florida"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Orlando, Florida"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Aviation psychology: Training and selection","author":"Besco, R. O.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"536","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology","author":"Besco, R. O.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203594"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Brannick, M. T., Prince, C., Salas, C. & Stout, R. (1998). Can PC-based systems enhance teamwork in the cockpit? Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Prince, C., Salas, E., Owens, J. M., Morgan, B. B., Jr. & Gonos, G. H. (1989). Determining aircrew coordination training effectiveness. In Proceedings of the Interservice\/Industry Training Simulation and Education Conference 11th Annual Meeting (pp. 128\u2013136). Arlington, VA: National Defense Industrial Association."},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations","author":"Cannon-Bowers, J. A.","year":"1995"},{"volume-title":"Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings.","year":"1979","author":"Cook, T. D.","key":"atypb7"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Team performance assessment and measurement: Theory, methods, and applications","author":"Dwyer, D. J.","year":"1997"},{"volume-title":"Development of measures of crew coordination","year":"1990","author":"Dynamics Research Corporation.","key":"atypb9"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327876mp0601_3"},{"volume-title":"First encounters of the close kind: The first meetings of airline flight crews","year":"1987","author":"Ginnett, R. C.","key":"atypb11"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Groups that work","author":"Ginnett, R. C.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.75.6.682"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Hartel, C., Smith, K. & Prince, C. (1991, April). Defining aircrew coordination: Searching mishaps for meaning. Paper presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088402600510"},{"volume-title":"Revised versions of the Cockpit Management Attitudes Questionnaire (CMAQ) and CRM seminar evaluation form","year":"1988","author":"Helmreich, R. L.","key":"atypb16"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0803_5"},{"volume-title":"The wisdom of teams: Creating the high-performance organization.","year":"1993","author":"Katzenbach, J. R.","key":"atypb18"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"18-1","volume-title":"Training and development handbook: A guide to human resource development","author":"Kirkpatrick, D. L.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Proceedings from the Symposium on Interactive Networked Simulation for Training","author":"Kleinman, D. L.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0803_7"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327876mp0702_5"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations","author":"McIntyre, R. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Merket, D., Bergondy, M. & Salas, E. (in press). Making sense out of teamwork errors in military aviation environments. Transportation Human Factors."},{"volume-title":"Shared mental models and crew decision-making","year":"1990","author":"Orasanu, J. M.","key":"atypb25"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Cockpit resource management","author":"Prince, C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Military psychology: An introduction","author":"Salas, E.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA327932"},{"volume-title":"Narrowing the gap between performance and potential: The effects of team climate on the transfer of training","year":"1994","author":"Smith, K. A.","key":"atypb29"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.81.1.110"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1996.tb02454.x"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779577273"},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Stout, R. J., Prince, C., Bergondy, M., Baker, D. & Salas, E. (1992). A methodology for determining aircrew coordination needs. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2699.1.2.169"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872099779591169","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872099779591169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T18:51:00Z","timestamp":1741632660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872099779591169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872099779591169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872099779591169","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-7208"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1547-8181"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}}}