{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T04:45:21Z","timestamp":1741668321147,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Common manipulator-assisted materials handling tasks were performed in a laboratory simulation at self-selected and faster (paced) speeds. The effects of pacing on peak hand forces, torso kinematics, spine moments and forces, and muscle antagonism were determined, along with any influences of several task variables on these effects. The faster trials were performed 20% more rapidly than the self-paced trials. It was found that (a) achieving this level of performance required 10% higher hand forces and 5%-10% higher torso moments, (b) consistent torso postures and motions were used for both speed conditions, and (c) the faster trials resulted in 10% higher spine forces and 15% higher levels of lumbar muscle antagonism. On whole, these results suggest a higher risk of musculoskeletal injury associated with performance of object transfers at faster than self-selected speeds with and without a manipulator. Further analysis provided evidence that the use of manipulators involves higher levels of motor coordination than do manual tasks. Several implications regarding the use of material handling manipulators in paced operations are discussed. Results from this investigation can be used in the design, evaluation, and selection of material handling manipulators. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779591240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,20]],"date-time":"2007-01-20T15:29:16Z","timestamp":1169306956000},"page":"214-225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Pacing When Using Material Handling Manipulators"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Maury A.","family":"Nussbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia"}]},{"given":"Don B.","family":"Chaffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)90432-9"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198208000-00010"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198908000-00014"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90192-3"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138808966662"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"403","volume":"20","author":"Chaffin, D. 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Motion times, hand forces, and trunk kinematics when using material handling manipulators in short distance transfers of moderate mass objects. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Nussbaum, M. A., Zhang, X. & Chaffin, D. B. (1999). Heuristics for locating upper extremity joint centers from surface markers: Empirical derivation, evaluation, and optimization-based enhancement. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872096778940778"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708969701"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"7-1","volume-title":"Tool and manufacturing engineers handbook","author":"Sowden, C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130313"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Biomechanics and motor control of human movement","author":"Winter, D. 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