{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:52:54Z","timestamp":1777668774999,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To improve the efficiency of images presented in low-cost vehicle simulators, the virtual viewing direction (i.e., the direction in which the image is rendered) can be head-slaved, the display can be surrounded with a less detailed peripheral image, or both. Three simulator experiments were used to evaluate the effect of these techniques on lane-keeping performance and spatial orientation. In Experiment 1, vehicle references or a head-slaved display (HSD) provided feedback on the virtual viewing direction. Vehicle references improved lane-keeping performance somewhat with a standard 50\u00b0 h x 50\u00b0 v display. An HSD (50\u00b0 h x 50\u00b0 v) allowed better steering performance, but not to the levels obtained with a wide display (150\u00b0 h x 50\u00b0 v). Experiments 2a and 2b evaluated the effects of surrounding the HSD with a less detailed peripheral image and of moving the HSD discretely or continuously. With the peripheral image, lane-keeping performance (Experiment 2a) and spatial orientation (Experiment 2b) were similar to those with a wide display. In both experiments, performance with the discretely moving HSD was superior to that with the continuously moving HSD. The results show that low-cost driving simulators can be equipped with more efficient displays that are as effective as wide displays for lane-keeping and spatial orientation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779610950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,20]],"date-time":"2007-01-20T10:29:16Z","timestamp":1169288956000},"page":"453-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of Head-Slaved and Peripheral Displays on Lane-Keeping Performance and Spatial Orientation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Bart","family":"Kapp\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Human Factors Research Institute, Soesterberg, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"van Erp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Human Factors Research Institute, Soesterberg, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. E. 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Mason (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Teleoperation and Control (pp. 85\u201394). Bedford, UK: IFS Ltd."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pepper, R. L. (1986). Human factors in remote vehicle control. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting (pp. 417\u2013421). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128603000501"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(81)90063-9"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Perception and control of deviations from a straight course: A field experiment","author":"Riemersma, J. B. J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Riemersma, J. B. J. (1987).\n                      Visual cues in straight road driving\n                      . 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