{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T21:40:44Z","timestamp":1766266844634,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive investigation to document wrist and forearm postures of users of conventional computer keyboards. We instrumented 90 healthy, experienced clerical workers with electromechanical goniometers to measure wrist and forearm position and range of motion for both upper extremities while typing. For an alphabetic typing task, the left wrist showed significantly greater (p &lt; .01) mean ulnar deviation (15.0\u00b0 \u00b1 7.7\u00b0) and extension (21.2\u00b0 \u00b1 8.8\u00b0) than the right wrist (10.1\u00b0 \u00b1 7.2\u00b0 and 17.0\u00b0 \u00b1 7.4\u00b0 for ulnar deviation and extension, respectively). Conversely, the right forearm had greater mean pronation (65.6\u00b0 \u00b1 8.3\u00b0) than the left forearm (62.2\u00b0 \u00b1 10.6\u00b0). We noted minimal functional differences in the postures of the wrists and forearms between alphabetic and alphanumeric typing tasks. Ergonomists should consider the statistically significant and probable practical difference in wrist and forearm posture between the left and right hand in ergonomic interventions in the office and in the design of computer keyboards. Actual or potential applications of this research include guiding the design of new computer keyboards. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779610978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,20]],"date-time":"2007-01-20T15:29:16Z","timestamp":1169306956000},"page":"413-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Wrist and Forearm Postures of Users of Conventional Computer Keyboards"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Guy G.","family":"Simoneau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Marklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Burastero, S., Tittiranonda, P., Hollerbach, K., Shih, M. & Denhoy, R. (1994). Quantitative evaluation of 4 computer keyboards: Wrist posture and typing performance. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 380th Annual Meeting (pp. 1094\u20131098). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129403801705"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(90)90040-B"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137408931404"},{"volume-title":"Typewriting behavior: Psychology applied to teaching and learning typewriting","year":"1936","author":"Dvorak, A.","key":"atypb4"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Statistical methods in education and psychology","author":"Glass, G. V.","year":"1984","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925122"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honan, M., Jacobson, M., Tal, R. & Rempel, D. (1996). Changes in wrist postures during a prolonged typing task. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 40th Annual Meeting (pp. 629\u2013631). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129604001310"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Honan, M., Serina, E., Tal, R. & Rempel, D. (1995). Wrist postures while typing on a standard and split keyboard. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting (pp. 366\u2013368). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129503900515"},{"volume-title":"American National Standard for Human Factors Engineering of Visual Display Terminal Workstations (ANSI\/HFS standard 100-1988)","year":"1988","author":"Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","key":"atypb9"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139308967891"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb11","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"Mayzner, M. 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