{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:15:48Z","timestamp":1773414948166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Recent studies indicate potential links among work organization, job stress, and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs). In this paper we propose several pathways for a theoretical relationship between job stress and WRMDs. These pathways highlight the physiological, psychological, and behavioral reactions to stress that can affect WRMDs directly and indirectly. One model stipulates that psychosocial work factors (e.g., work pressure, lack of control), which can cause stress, might also influence or be related to ergonomic factors such as force, repetition, and posture that have been identified as risk factors for WRMDs. In order to fully understand the etiology of WRMDs, it is important to examine both physical ergonomic and psychosocial work factors simultaneously. Smith and Carayon-Sainfort (1989) have proposed a model of the work system for stress management that provides a useful framework for conceptualizing the work-related factors that contribute to WRMDs. Practical applications of this research include practitioners taking into account psychosocial work factors and job stress in their efforts to reduce and control WRMDs. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779656743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T23:02:02Z","timestamp":1169766122000},"page":"644-663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":208,"title":["Work Organization, Job Stress, and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Pascale","family":"Carayon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}]},{"given":"Marla C.","family":"Haims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Work with display units","author":"Aborg, C.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.59"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1494"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90275-8"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139508925148"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199101000-00001"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkst\u00e9n, M. G., Boquist, B., Talb\u00e4ck, M. & Edling, C. (1997). A prospective study among unskilled female industrial workers with respect to neck- and shoulder ailments and environmental factors. In P. Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. Luopaj\u00e4rvi, C.L. Nyg\u00e5rd, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 4, pp. 22\u201324). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health."},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Beyond biomechanics: Psychosocial aspects of musculoskeletal disorders in office work","author":"Blair, S. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1470"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"858","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Boyce, P. R.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379608256810"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"BLS News - USDL-94-213.","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Safety and health statistics: Workplace injuries and illnesses in 1995.","author":"Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/47.1.25"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"The VDT manual.","author":"Cakir, A.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Job demands and worker health.","author":"Caplan, R. D.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963648"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"733","volume-title":"Human factors in organizational design and management - IV","author":"Carayon, P.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc0904_1"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Human factors in organizational design and management - V","author":"Carayon, P.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Carayon, P., Haims, M. C. & Suh, H.S. (1997). Work organization interventions for improving quality of working life. In P. Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. Luopaj\u00e4rvi, C.L. Nyg\u00e5rd, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 1, pp. 465\u2013467). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health."},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Work organization interventions to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders in office and video display terminal work","author":"Carayon, P.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449299008924221"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319209526041"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1786"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"146","volume":"8","author":"Cohen, A.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1979.tb00444.x"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S153275901102_2"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Human factors in organizational design and management - V","author":"Conway, F. T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2460010204"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1976.tb00325.x"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Job stress and blue-collar work","author":"Cox, T.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"790","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Crocker, M. J.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb34","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Psychosocial factors at work and their relation to health","author":"Daleva, M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S153275901102_3"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379108257020"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1972.tb00751.x"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700260503"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137308924555"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199704)31:4<468::AID-AJIM14>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90162-X"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1560"},{"key":"atypb43","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Occupational stress -Health and performance","author":"Finestone, A. J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10116-008"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5122-1_6"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0097840X.1976.9936068"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.17.5.852"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.12.050191.002551"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Urban stress: Experiments on noise and social stressors.","author":"Glass, D. C.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199001000-00011"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199202000-00009"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1564"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs): A reference book for prevention.","author":"Hagberg, M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00012-X"},{"key":"atypb55","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Ergonomics in health care and rehabilitation","author":"Haims, M. C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408964940"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198903000-00010"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90281-X"},{"key":"atypb59","first-page":"713","volume-title":"Human factors in organizational design and management","author":"Hendrick, H.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319609526162"},{"key":"atypb61","unstructured":"Hoogendoorn, W. E. & Bongers, P. M. (1997). The Dutch prospective study on musculoskeletal disorders. In P. Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. Luopaj\u00e4rvi, C.L. Nyg\u00e5rd, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 4, pp. 46\u201348). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health."},{"key":"atypb62","volume-title":"Work, stress and social support","author":"House, J.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319609526161"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198609000-00005"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198812040-00189","volume":"6","author":"Jenner, D. A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Hypertension"},{"key":"atypb66","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Job control and worker health","author":"Johnson, J. V.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb67","volume-title":"Work and health","author":"Kahn, R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb68","first-page":"1059","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Kalimo, R.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2392498"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0097840X.1982.9936844"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.27.71"},{"key":"atypb72","unstructured":"Kerr, M. S., Shannon, H. S., Frank, J. W., Norman, R. W. K., Wells, R. P., Neumann, P. & Group, T. I. S. W. (1997). The relative importance of biomechanical and psychosocial risk factors in a case-control study of occupational low-back pain. In P. Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. Luopaj\u00e4rvi, C.L. Nyg\u00e5rd, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 4, pp. 64\u201365). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health."},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.12.1004"},{"key":"atypb74","first-page":"891","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Konz, S.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb75","volume":"32","author":"Korff, M. V.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1386"},{"key":"atypb77","volume-title":"The psychology of work behavior","author":"Landy, F. J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/T43T-84P3-QDUR-7RTP"},{"key":"atypb79","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Stress and coping - An anthology","author":"Lazarus, R. S.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb80","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal and coping.","author":"Lazarus, R. S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb81","first-page":"D-43","volume-title":"Work with display units WWDU1992","author":"LeGrande, D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.20"},{"issue":"528","key":"atypb83","volume":"191","author":"Levi, L.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scandinavia"},{"key":"atypb84","unstructured":"Lim, S.Y. (1994). An integrated approach to upper extremity musculoskeletal discomfort in the office environment: The role of psychosocial factors, psychological stress, and ergonomic risk factors. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."},{"key":"atypb85","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Work with display units 1894","author":"Lim, S.-Y.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb86","first-page":"248","volume-title":"Work with computers: Organizational, management, stress and health aspects","author":"Lim, S.-Y.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198907000-00012"},{"key":"atypb88","first-page":"654","volume":"16","author":"Margolis, B.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/126.2.280"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2090512"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137127"},{"key":"atypb92","first-page":"450","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Medsker, G. J.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb93","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Job stress and blue collar work","author":"Monk, T. H.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb94","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Workshop on Psychosocial Aspects of Cumulative Trauma Disorders, Duke University","author":"Moon, S."},{"key":"atypb95","volume-title":"Beyond biomechanics: Psychosocial aspects of musculoskeletal disorders in office work.","author":"Moon, S. D.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb96","volume-title":"Video displays, work and vision.","author":"National Academy of Sciences (NAS).","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb97","volume-title":"Health hazard evaluation: Newsday, Inc.","author":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb98","volume-title":"Health hazard evaluation: US West Communications","author":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb99","unstructured":"Nordstrom, D. L. (1996). A population based, case-control study of carpal tunnel syndrome. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI."},{"key":"atypb100","volume-title":"Ergonomics program management guidelines for meatpacking plants","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb101","unstructured":"Patterson, K. (1997). Typing skill, exposure, and occupational stress as risk factors for neck and shoulder injury in non-secretarial computer users. In P. Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. Luopaj\u00e4rvi, C.L. Nyg\u00e5rd, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 4, pp. 96\u201398). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health."},{"key":"atypb102","volume-title":"Cumulative trauma disorders - A manual for musculoskeletal disease of the upper limbs.","author":"Putz-Anderson, V.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb103","first-page":"696","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors","author":"Rohles, F. H.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb104","volume-title":"Air traffic controller health change study.","author":"Rose, R. M.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708969720"},{"key":"atypb106","first-page":"155","volume":"17","author":"Ryden, O.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"atypb107","volume-title":"Machine-pacing and occupational stress.","author":"Salvendy, G.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482272680-30"},{"key":"atypb109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319609526159"},{"key":"atypb110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139408963642"},{"key":"atypb111","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Human factors in organizational design and management - V","author":"Schleifer, L. M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb112","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 2nd Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Physiology","author":"Schleifer, L. M."},{"key":"atypb113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1980.tb00036.x"},{"key":"atypb114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440140055031"},{"key":"atypb115","volume-title":"The stress of life.","author":"Selye, H.","year":"1956"},{"key":"atypb116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700110310"},{"key":"atypb117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.5.351"},{"key":"atypb118","volume-title":"Video display terminals: Usability issues and health concerns.","author":"Smith, M. J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb119","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Job stress and blue-collar work","author":"Smith, M. J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb120","first-page":"844","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Smith, M. J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb121","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 12th Triennal Congress of the International Ergonomics Conference","author":"Smith, M. J."},{"key":"atypb122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.4530050107"},{"key":"atypb123","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Beyond biomechanics: Psychosocial aspects of musculoskeletal disorders in office work","author":"Smith, M. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(92)90006-H"},{"key":"atypb125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(89)90051-6"},{"key":"atypb126","first-page":"1637","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Smith, M. J.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088102300402"},{"key":"atypb128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044481862-1.50128-X"},{"key":"atypb129","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Human factors in organizational design and management - V","author":"Smith, M. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb130","first-page":"204","volume":"11","author":"Smith, M. J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Conditions of Work Digest"},{"key":"atypb131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379608256793"},{"key":"atypb132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60461-3"},{"key":"atypb133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(91)90203-A"},{"key":"atypb134","first-page":"1021","volume-title":"Handbook of human factors and ergonomics","author":"Tepas, D. I.","year":"1997","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.1.1.9"},{"key":"atypb136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90039-I"},{"key":"atypb137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2340\/165019981991165173","volume":"23","author":"Theorell, T.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"key":"atypb138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9383-3"},{"key":"atypb139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.190"},{"key":"atypb140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138408963539"},{"key":"atypb141","volume-title":"Healthy people - The Surgeon General's report on health promotion and disease prevention","author":"U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (USDHEW).","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00635986"},{"key":"atypb143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379108256998"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb144","first-page":"93","volume":"30","author":"Van Ameringen, M. R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"atypb145","first-page":"277","volume":"128","author":"Voikt, A. J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"atypb146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108967302"},{"key":"atypb147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964488"},{"key":"atypb148","unstructured":"Wahlstedt, K., Bj\u00f6rkst\u00e9n, M. G. & Edling, C. (1997). Psychosocial work situation and musculoskeletal symptoms among postal workers. In P. Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. Luopaj\u00e4rvi, C.L. Nyg\u00e5rd, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 4, pp. 413\u2013415). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health."},{"key":"atypb149","unstructured":"Wahlstedt, K., Nygard, C. H., Kemmlert, K., Torgen, M. & Bj\u00f6rkst\u00e9n, M. G. (1997). Effects of changes in work organization on health, work ability and musculoskeletal symptoms among town letter carriers. In P. Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. Luopaj\u00e4rvi, C.L. Nyg\u00e5rd, & M. Mattila (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (Vol. 4, pp. 335\u2013337). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health."},{"key":"atypb150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138708969717"},{"key":"atypb151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140138008924812"},{"key":"atypb152","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Beyond biomechanics: Psychosocial aspects of musculoskeletal disorders in office work","author":"Westgaard, R. H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb153","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Occupational stress - Health and performance","author":"Wolf, S.","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872099779656743","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872099779656743","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T23:16:02Z","timestamp":1741648562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872099779656743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872099779656743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872099779656743","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}}}