{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T23:25:43Z","timestamp":1770506743951,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Two experiments were performed to examine how frame of reference (world referenced vs. screen-referenced) and target expectancy can modulate the effects of target cuing in directing attention for see-through helmet-mounted displays (HMDs). In the first experiment, the degree of world referencing was varied by the spatial accuracy of the cue; in the second, the degree of world referencing was varied more radically between a world-referenced HMD and a hand-held display. Participants were asked to detect, identify, and give azimuth information for targets hidden in terrain presented in the far domain (i.e., the world) while performing a monitoring task in the near domain (i.e., the display). The results of both experiments revealed a cost-benefit trade-off for cuing such that the presence of cuing aided the target detection task for expected targets but drew attention away from the presence of unexpected targets in the environment. Analyses support the observation that this effect can be mediated by the display: The world-referenced display reduced the cost of cognitive tunneling relative to the screen-referenced display in Experiment 1; this cost was further reduced in Experiment 2 when participants were using a hand-held display. Potential applications of this research include important design guidelines and specifications for automated target recognition systems as well as any terrain-and-targeting display system in which superimposed symbology is included, specifically in assessing the costs and benefits of attentional cuing and the means by which this information is displayed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779656752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T23:02:02Z","timestamp":1169766122000},"page":"524-542","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Target Cuing in Visual Search: The Effects of Conformality and Display Location on the Allocation of Visual Attention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]},{"given":"F. Jacob","family":"Seagull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The effects of highlighting validity and feature type on air-to-ground target acquisition performance","author":"Conejo, R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drascic, D. & Milgram, P. (1996). Perceptual issues in augmented reality. In M. T. Bolas, S. S. Fisher, & J. O. Merritt (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineers (SPIE): Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems III (Vol. 2653, pp. 123\u2013134). Bellingham. WA: SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.237425"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.269"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fadden, S., Ververs, P. M. & Wickens, C. D. (1998). Costs and benefits of head-up display use: A meta-analytic approach. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 16\u201320). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804200105"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Maximizing traffic awareness with a head-up flightpath highway display","author":"Fadden, S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779591331"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"1411","volume":"105","author":"Foyle, D. C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"SAE Transactions: Journal of Aerospace"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Attentional issues with superimposed symbology formats for scene-linked displays","author":"Foyle, D. C.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Hettinger, L. J., Nelson, W. T. & Haas, M. W. (1994). Comparison of target detection performance using a helmet-mounted display and a conventional flight simulator dome display. In Proceedings of 1994 Symposium on Human Interaction with Complex Systems (pp. 299\u2013306). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE."},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Attention and performance IX","author":"Jonides, J.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, J., Foyle, D. C. & McCann, R. S. (1998). Attentional allocation and head-up displays. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 11\u201315). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804200104"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778667933"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Attentional limitations with head-up displays","author":"McCann, R. S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0801_3"},{"key":"atypb16","volume":"41","author":"Muller, M. W.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Tactical display for soldiers: Human factors considerations.","author":"National Research Council.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Paper presented at the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aeronautics","author":"Ockerman, J. J."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0301_1"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Information processing and cognition","author":"Posner, M. I.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampson, J. B. (1993). Cognitive performance by individuals using a head-mounted display while walking. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 37th Annual Meeting (pp. 338\u2013342). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129303700418"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.3.3.163"},{"key":"atypb23","volume":"123","author":"Swennsen, R. G.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Conformal flight path symbology for head-up displays: Defining the distribution of visual attention in three-dimensional space","author":"Ververs, P. M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0804_4"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Engineering psychology and human performance.","author":"Wickens, C. D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics: Integration of theory and application","author":"Wickens, C. D.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0603_3"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.1.3.179"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"The future of air traffic control: Human operators and automation.","author":"Wickens, C. D.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Performance issues in helmet mounted displays","author":"Yeh, M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Effects of frame of reference and viewing condition on attentional issues with helmet-mounted displays","author":"Yeh, M.","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872099779656752","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/001872099779656752","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T23:48:41Z","timestamp":1741650521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/001872099779656752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/001872099779656752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/001872099779656752","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}}}