{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T07:37:59Z","timestamp":1793777879350,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Factors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For those interested in using head-coupled PC-based immersive virtual environment (VE) technology to train, entertain, or inform, it is essential to understand the effects this technology has on its users. This study investigated potential adverse effects, including the sickness associated with exposure and extreme responses (emesis, flashbacks). Participants were exposed to a VE for 15 to 60 min, with either complete or streamlined navigational control and simple or complex scenes, after which time measures of sickness were obtained. More than 80% of participants experienced nausea, oculomotor disturbances, and\/or disorientation, with disorientation potentially lasting &gt;24 hr. Of the participants, 12.9% prematurely ended their exposure because of adverse effects; of these, 9.2% experienced an emetic response, whereas only 1.2% of all participants experienced emesis. The results indicate that designers may be able to reduce these rates by limiting exposure duration and reducing the degrees of freedom of the user's navigational control. Results from gender, body mass, and past experience comparisons indicated it may be possible to identify those who will experience adverse effects attributable to exposure and warn such individuals. Applications for this research include military, entertainment, and any other interactive systems for which designers seek to avoid adverse effects associated with exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.45.3.504.27254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,15]],"date-time":"2004-03-15T12:12:50Z","timestamp":1079352770000},"page":"504-520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["What to Expect from Immersive Virtual Environment Exposure: Influences of Gender, Body Mass Index, and Past Experience"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Kay M.","family":"Stanney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelina","family":"Nahmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RSK Assessments, Inc., Orlando, Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-0","first-page":"1043","volume":"60","author":"Baltzley, D. R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.334"},{"key":"bibr-2","first-page":"663","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"Calvert, S. L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr-3","volume-title":"Vehicular simulation-induced sickness: Volume 1. An overview","author":"Casali, J. G.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr-4","first-page":"391","volume":"55","author":"Dembert, M. L.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.319"},{"key":"bibr-6","first-page":"893","volume-title":"Design of computing systems: Social and ergonomic considerations","author":"DiZio, P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr-7","first-page":"751","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"DiZio, P.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr-8","first-page":"13","volume":"72","author":"Dobie, T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775992552"},{"key":"bibr-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowlkes, J. E., Kennedy, R. S. & Lilienthal, M. G. (1987). Postural disequilibrium following training flights. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting (pp. 488\u2013491). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128703100501"},{"key":"bibr-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1997.tb04876.x"},{"key":"bibr-12","volume-title":"Application of the Kennedy and Graybiel Motion History Questionnaire to predict optokinetic induced motion sickness: Creating a scoring key for circular vection","author":"Graeber, D. A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120104502710"},{"key":"bibr-14","first-page":"873","volume":"47","author":"Graybiel, A.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0193-3973(94)90003-5"},{"key":"bibr-16","volume-title":"Motion sickness: Significance in aerospace operations and prophylaxis","author":"Griffin, M. J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1165-84"},{"key":"bibr-18","first-page":"471","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"Hettinger, L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.306"},{"key":"bibr-20","volume-title":"Kinematics nomenclature for physiological accelerations","author":"Hixon, W. C.","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr-21","first-page":"18:1","volume-title":"Handbook of perception and human performance: Volume I. Sensory processes and perception","author":"Howard, I. P.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr-22","volume-title":"Correlating visual scene elements with simulator sickness incidence: Hardware and software development","author":"Kennedy, R. S.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0201_2"},{"key":"bibr-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA155975"},{"key":"bibr-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/AD0625863"},{"key":"bibr-26","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Motion and space sickness","author":"Kennedy, R. S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr-27","first-page":"543","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"Kennedy, R. S.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3"},{"key":"bibr-29","volume-title":"Presented at the Driving Simulation Conference 2001","author":"Kennedy, R. S."},{"key":"bibr-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.295"},{"key":"bibr-31","first-page":"1061","volume-title":"Usability evaluation and interface design: Cognitive engineering, intelligent agents and virtual reality","author":"Kennedy, R. S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr-32","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Advances in industrial ergonomics safety VII","author":"Kennedy, R. S.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319609526139"},{"key":"bibr-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474600566952"},{"key":"bibr-35","volume-title":"Virtual environment adaptation assessment test battery","author":"Kennedy, R. S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingdon, K., Stanney, K. M. & Kennedy, R. S. (2001). Extreme responses to virtual environment exposure. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting (pp. 1906\u20131910). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120104502711"},{"key":"bibr-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA360109"},{"key":"bibr-38","first-page":"1158","volume":"56","author":"Kohl, R. L.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-39","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Motion and space sickness","author":"Kohl, R. L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA295861"},{"key":"bibr-41","volume-title":"The Virtual Environment Performance Assessment Battery (VEPAB): Development and evaluation.","author":"Lampton, D. R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr-42","first-page":"589","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"Lawson, B. D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr-43","volume-title":"Invited paper presented at the 12th Annual Man in Space Symposium on the Future of Humans in Space","author":"Lawson, B. D."},{"key":"bibr-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.311"},{"key":"bibr-45","volume-title":"Human factors in air transportation: Occupational health and safety.","author":"McFarland, R. A.","year":"1953"},{"key":"bibr-46","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Motion and space sickness","author":"Mirabile, C. S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr-47","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"Money, K. E.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"bibr-48","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Motion and space sickness","author":"Money, K. E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr-49","volume-title":"Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults.","author":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr-50","volume-title":"Optical flow and texture variables useful in detecting decelerating and accelerating self-motion","author":"Owen, D. H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1992.1.3.344"},{"key":"bibr-52","first-page":"161","volume":"40","author":"Pierson, W. R.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107687807101109"},{"key":"bibr-54","volume-title":"Motion sickness.","author":"Reason, J. T.","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326969eco0303_2"},{"key":"bibr-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VRAIS.1995.512480"},{"key":"bibr-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872001775898223"},{"key":"bibr-58","unstructured":"Stanney, K. M., Champney, R., Hash, P., Kennedy, R. A. & Compton, D. (2003).\n                      Recovery from virtual environment exposure: Expected time-course of symptoms and potential readaptation mechanisms.\n                      Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"bibr-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565848"},{"key":"bibr-60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanney, K. M. & Kennedy, R. S. (1998). Aftereffects from virtual environment exposure: How long do they last? In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 42nd Annual Meeting (pp. 1476\u20131480). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193129804202103"},{"key":"bibr-61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanney, K. M., Kennedy, R. S. & Drexler, J. M. (1997). Cybersickness is not simulator sickness. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting (pp. 1138\u20131142). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/107118139704100292"},{"key":"bibr-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(98)00039-8"},{"key":"bibr-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1002_3"},{"key":"bibr-64","first-page":"827","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"Stone, R. J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr-65","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Motion and space sickness","author":"Stott, J. R. R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr-66","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"Swann, G. M. P.","year":"2002"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr-67","first-page":"A16","volume":"58","author":"Thornton, W. E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"bibr-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.301659"},{"key":"bibr-69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uliano, K. C., Kennedy, R. S. & Lambert, E. Y. (1986). Asynchronous visual delays and the development of simulator sickness. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting (pp. 422\u2013426). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.","DOI":"10.1177\/154193128603000502"},{"key":"bibr-70","volume-title":"Perceptual modification: Adapting to altered sensory environments.","author":"Welch, R. B.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr-71","first-page":"619","volume-title":"Handbook of virtual environments: Design, implementation, and applications","author":"Welch, R. B.","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/hfes.45.3.504.27254","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1518\/hfes.45.3.504.27254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:10Z","timestamp":1777449130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1518\/hfes.45.3.504.27254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1518\/hfes.45.3.504.27254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/hfes.45.3.504.27254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-7208","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-8181","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}}}