{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:57:54Z","timestamp":1775199474724,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Castagna, C, Bizzini, M, Ara\u00fajo P\u00f3voas, SC, Schenk, K, B\u00fcsser, G, and D'Ottavio, S. Aerobic fitness in top-class soccer referees. <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">J Strength Cond Res<\/jats:italic> 33(11): 3098\u20133104, 2019\u2014The aim of this study was to examine the aerobic fitness status of top-class male soccer officials using a cross-sectional design and known population group constructs. Fifty-two field referees (FRs, age 38.4 \u00b1 3.3 years; height 181 \u00b1 5.6 cm; body mass 76.8 \u00b1 6.8 kg; body mass index [BMI] 23.4 \u00b1 1.7 kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>; body fat 20.4 \u00b1 3.6%; and international refereeing experience 5 \u00b1 3.5 years) and 104 assistant referees (ARs, age 37.8 \u00b1 4.1 years; height 176.9 \u00b1 7.5 cm; body mass 72.1 \u00b1 7.4 kg; BMI 23 \u00b1 1.6 kg\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>; body fat 19.2 \u00b1 3.6%; and international refereeing experience 7 \u00b1 3.8 years) from 53 National Football Associations worldwide, and candidates of the preliminary open-list developed by the FIFA Refereeing Department for the 2014 World Cup Final Tournament, were tested for aerobic fitness in laboratory conditions with a progressive speed treadmill test to exhaustion. Large (+8.54%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic> = 0.8) and small (+3.1%, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic> = 0.3) differences in absolute (L\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and relative (ml\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) V<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc>\n                           <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max were found between FR and AR, respectively. Trivial differences (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic> = 0.07) were shown in running economy (RE) (6 minutes at 8 km\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) between AR and FR. Using the scaling notation (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">b<\/jats:italic> = 0.64), medium and significant differences were found between match officials for V<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc>\n                           <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max and RE (FR &gt; AR; <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic> = 0.6 and 0.67, respectively). Using receiver operating characteristic curve statistics, cutoff values of 3.93 L\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 50.6 ml\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00b7min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> were detected in absolute and relative V<jats:sc>o<\/jats:sc>\n                           <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>max for the FR and the AR (FR &gt; AR), respectively. The FR showed superior aerobic fitness compared with AR. Training prescription should consider intensities at anaerobic threshold speed (14 km\u00b7h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 91% heart rate max) when aerobic fitness development is the aim in elite officials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1519\/jsc.0000000000002264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,17]],"date-time":"2017-11-17T19:54:48Z","timestamp":1510948488000},"page":"3098-3104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Aerobic Fitness in Top-Class Soccer Referees"],"prefix":"10.1519","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Castagna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fitness Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Technical Department, Coverciano (Florence), Italy;"},{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Bizzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Sports Medicine, Schulthess Clinic, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}]},{"given":"Susana C.","family":"Ara\u00fajo P\u00f3voas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal;"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; and"}]},{"given":"Gery","family":"B\u00fcsser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Medicine, Schulthess Clinic, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland;"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"D'Ottavio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;"},{"name":"Women's National Team, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20230819","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020","article-title":"A new 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