{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:10:26Z","timestamp":1772701826201,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"3","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C Pan"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C Pan"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C Pan"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C Pan"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The helmets used by construction site workers are mainly designed for head protection when objects are dropped from heights. Construction helmets are also casually called \u201chard hats\u201d in industries. Common construction helmets are mostly categorized as type 1 according to different standards. All type 1 helmets have to pass type 1 standard impact tests, which are top impact tests\u2014the helmet is fixed and is impacted by a free falling impactor on the top crown of the helmet shell. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach that can determine the performance characterization of a helmet. A total of 31 drop impact tests using a representative type 1 helmet model were performed at drop heights from 0.30 to 2.23\u00a0m, which were estimated to result in impact speeds from 2.4 to 6.6\u00a0m\/s. Based on our results, we identified a critical drop height that was used to evaluate the performance of helmets. The peak impact forces and peak accelerations varied nonproportionally with the drop height. When the drop height is less than the critical height, the peak force and peak acceleration increase gradually and slowly with increasing drop height. When the drop height is greater than the critical height, the peak force and peak acceleration increase steeply with even a slight increase in drop height. Based on the critical drop height, we proposed an approach to determine the safety margin of a helmet. The proposed approach would make it possible to determine the performance characteristics of a helmet and to estimate the safety margin afforded by the helmet, if the helmet first passes the existing standardized tests. The proposed test approach would provide supplementary information for consumers to make knowledgeable decisions when selecting construction helmets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/jte20180604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T01:29:56Z","timestamp":1603416596000},"page":"2162-2174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Approach to Characterize the Impact Absorption Performance of Construction Helmets in Top Impact"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Safety Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1 , 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan M.","family":"Wimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Safety Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1 , 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Welcome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2 , 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7381-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Z.","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 3 , 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"381","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025080611571147400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2012-0602-3339","article-title":"Fundamental Study on Relationship between Human Injury Probability due to Fall and the Fall Height","volume":"41","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-2011-1176","article-title":"Work-Related Mild-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury and the Construction Industry","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Work"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025080611571147400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3174","article-title":"Work-Related Falls from Ladders \u2013 A Follow-Back Study of US Emergency Department Cases","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025080611571147400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.03.007","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Fatal Occupational Traumatic Brain Injury in the U.S","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventative Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025080611571147400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22557","article-title":"Fatal Traumatic Brain Injuries in the Construction Industry, 2003\u20132010","volume":"59","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025080611571147400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199804000-00009","article-title":"An Examination of Occupational Fatalities Involving Impact-Related Head Injuries in the Construction Industry","volume":"40","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2014.09.003","article-title":"Surveillance for Work-Related Skull Fractures in Michigan","volume":"51","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025080611571147400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2014-041323","article-title":"Non-fatal Work-Related Traumatic Brain Injuries Treated in US Hospital Emergency Departments, 1998\u20132007","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025080611571147400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2005.08.008","article-title":"The Use of State Workers\u2019 Compensation Administrative Data to Identify Injury Scenarios and Quantify Costs of Work-Related Traumatic Brain Injuries","volume":"37","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Safety Research"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B10","volume-title":"Safety and Health Regulations for Construction, Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025080611571147400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6349(87)90012-5","article-title":"Construction Site Workers Helmets","volume":"9","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Accidents"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025080611571147400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-7535(93)90045-F","article-title":"Industrial Helmet Performance in Impacts","volume":"16","year":"1993","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B13","volume-title":"American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B14","volume-title":"Industrial Safety Helmets","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B15","volume-title":"High Performance Industrial Helmets","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B16","volume-title":"Mountaineering Equipment. Helmets for Mountaineers. Safety Requirements and Test Methods","year":"2012"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025080611571147400_B17","first-page":"106","article-title":"The Position of the United States Delegation to the ISO Working Group 6 on the Use of HIC in the Automotive Environment","volume":"94","year":"1985","journal-title":"SAE Transactions"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B18","first-page":"39","article-title":"A Prospective View of Head Injury Research","volume-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury: Bioscience and Mechanics","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B19","article-title":"Effects of Impactor Mass in Top Impact Tests in Evaluation of Shock Absorption Performance of Construction Helmets: A Preliminary Study","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B20","volume-title":"Occupant Protection in Interior Impact","year":"1996"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025080611571147400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0392-4","article-title":"Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion","volume":"40","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025080611571147400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0731-0","article-title":"Brain Injury Prediction: Assessing the Combined Probability of Concussion Using Linear and Rotational Head Acceleration","volume":"41","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025080611571147400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1590360","article-title":"Head Kinematics in Mini-Sled Tests of Foam Padding: Relevance of Linear Responses from Free Motion Headform (FMH) Testing to Head Angular Responses","volume":"125","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanical Engineering"},{"key":"2025080611571147400_B24","unstructured":"R. C.\u00a0Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials (Prentice Hall, 2011)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Testing and Evaluation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/jte\/article-pdf\/49\/3\/2162\/185636\/jte20180604.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/jte\/article-pdf\/49\/3\/2162\/185636\/jte20180604.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T15:57:19Z","timestamp":1754495839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/jte\/article\/49\/3\/2162\/21702\/An-Approach-to-Characterize-the-Impact-Absorption"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/jte20180604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-3973","1945-7553"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-3973","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7553","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}}}