{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T15:48:44Z","timestamp":1774712924212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"ASTM International100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959","isbn-type":[{"value":"0803109571","type":"print"},{"value":"9780803109575","type":"print"},{"value":"9780803150195","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This Bureau of Mines paper is an introduction to the subject of dust explosions. The phenomena associated with the occurrence of dust explosions are described in general terms, with several specific examples of dusts that react so rapidly and exothermically with air that destructive pressures are generated when they are dispersed and ignited. The accompanying gas-dynamic phenomena are also considered in some detail in terms of rates of pressure rise, speed of flame propagation, confinement, turbulence, and propagation dynamics. The explosion probabilities in any given plant or facility can be quantified in terms of the state of dispersion of the dust, its lean limit concentration, and its ignitability characteristics (thermal, electrical, and chemical). Dust explosions are contrasted with gas explosions in terms of those factors. Other variables considered for the dusts include volatility, particle size, oxygen content of the dispersing \u201cquo;air,\u201dquo; initial temperature, initial pressure, the presence of added fuel gases, and inerting or extinguishing requirements. Data to be discussed include laboratory measurements and full-scale test results; phenomena to be considered include both the fundamental and the practical.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/stp28163s","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,4]],"date-time":"2008-12-04T21:54:36Z","timestamp":1228427676000},"page":"5-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Introduction to Dust Explosions"],"prefix":"10.1520","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Hertzberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Research Center 1 Supervisory research chemist and research physicist , respectively, U.S. Department of the Interior, , Cochrans Mill Rd. , P.O. Box 18070, Pittsburgh, Pa15236 ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KL","family":"Cashdollar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Research Center 1 Supervisory research chemist and research physicist , respectively, U.S. Department of the Interior, , Cochrans Mill Rd. , P.O. Box 18070, Pittsburgh, Pa15236 ."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"381","reference":[{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c1","volume-title":"Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases","author":"Lewis","year":"1961"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cashdollar, K. L. and Hertzberg, M., \u201cInfrared Temperatures of Coal Dust Explosions,\u201d Combustion and Flame\u20080010-2180, Vol. 51, 1983, pp. 23-35.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(83)90080-9"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c3","unstructured":"Berthelot, M. and Vieille, P., \u201cOn the Propagation Velocity of Explosion Phenomena in Gases,\u201d Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Vol. 93, 1881, pp. 18-22 (in French)."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c4","unstructured":"Mallard, E. and Le Chatelier, H., \u201cOn the Flame Propagation Velocity of Explosive Gas Mixtures,\u201d Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Vol. 93, 1881, pp. 145-148 (in French)."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, G. I., \u201cThe Dynamics of the Combustion Products Behind Plane and Spherical Detonation Fronts in Explosives,\u201d Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, Vol. 200, 1950, pp. 235-247.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1950.0014"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c6","volume-title":"Theory of Detonations","author":"Zeldovich","year":"1960"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c7","unstructured":"Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Association of German Engineers), \u201cPressure Relief of Dust Explosions,\u201d VDI 3673, Handbuch Reinhaltung der Luft, Vol. 6, 1983."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Wingerden, C. J. M. and Zeeuwen, J. P., \u201cOn the Role of Acoustically Driven Flame Instabilities in Vented Gas Explosions and Their Elimination,\u201d Combustion and Flame\u20080010-2180, Vol. 51, 1983, pp. 109-111.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(83)90088-3"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solberg, D. M., Pappas, J. A., and Skramstad, E., \u201cObservations of Flame Instabilities in Large Scale Vented Gas Explosions,\u201d in Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1981, pp. 1607-1614.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(81)80164-6"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, P. E., \u201cSuppression of Maize Dust Explosions,\u201d in this volume, pp. 281-293.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28180S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pineau, J. P. and Ronchail, G., \u201cPropagation of Coal Dust Explosions in Pipes,\u201d in this volume, pp. 74-89.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28167S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckhoff, R. K., \u201cA Differentiated Approach to Sizing of Dust Explosion Vents: Influence of Ignition Source Location with Particular Reference to Large, Slender Silos,\u201d in this volume, pp. 265-280.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28179S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond, J. K. and Liebman, I., \u201cA Physical Description of Coal Mine Explosions,\u201d in Fifteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1975, pp. 115-126.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(75)80289-X"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinath, S. R., Kauffman, C. W., Nicholls, J. A., and Sichel, M., \u201cSecondary Dust Explosions,\u201d in this volume, pp. 90-106.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28168S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carini, R. C. and Hules, K. R., \u201cCoal Pulverizer Explosions,\u201d in this volume, pp. 202-216.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28175S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c16","article-title":"The Influence of Turbulence on Flame Propagation in Obstacle Environments","volume-title":"Fuel-Air Explosions","author":"Moen","year":"1982"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess, M. J. and Wheeler, R. V., \u201cLower Limit of Inflammation of Mixtures of Paraffin Hydrocarbons With Air,\u201d Journal of the Chemical Society\u20080368-1769, Vol. 99, 1911, pp. 2013-2030.","DOI":"10.1039\/CT9119902013"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simmons, R. F. and Wolfhard, H. G., \u201cSome Limiting Oxygen Concentrations for Diffusion Flames in Air Diluted with Nitrogen,\u201d Combustion and Flame\u20080010-2180, Vol. 1, 1957, pp. 155-161.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(57)90042-1"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabetakis, M. G., Lambiris, S., and Scott, G. S., \u201cFlame Temperatures of Limit Mixtures,\u201d in Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1959, pp. 484-487.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(58)80082-X"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Zlochower, I. A., and Cashdollar, K. L., \u201cVolatility Model for Coal Dust Flame Propagation and Extinguishment,\u201d in Twenty-first Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1987.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(88)80260-1"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c21","unstructured":"Coward, H. F. and Jones, G. W., \u201cLimits of Flammability of Gases and Vapors,\u201d Bulletin 503, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1952."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zabetakis, M. G., \u201cFlammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors,\u201d Bulletin 627, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1965.","DOI":"10.2172\/7328370"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c23","unstructured":"Kuchta, J. M., \u201cInvestigation of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the Chemical, Mining, and Fuel-Related Industries\u2014A Manual,\u201d Bulletin 680, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1986."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Cashdollar, K. L., and Zlochower, I. A., \u201cFlammability Limit Measurements for Dusts and Gases: Ignition Energy Requirements and Pressure Dependences,\u201d in Twenty-first Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1987.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(88)80258-3"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Cashdollar, K. L., and Lazzara, C. P., \u201cThe Limits of Flammability of Pulverized Coals and Other Dusts,\u201d in Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1981, pp. 717-729.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(81)80076-8"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Cashdollar, K. L., Ng, D. L., and Conti, R. S., \u201cDomains of Flammability and Thermal Ignitability for Pulverized Coals and Other Dusts: Particle Size Dependences and Microscopic Residue Analyses,\u201d in Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1982, pp. 1169-1180.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(82)80293-2"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c27","article-title":"The Lean Flammability Limits of Hybrid Mixtures","volume-title":"Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics","author":"Gaug","year":"1986"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c28","unstructured":"Ng, D. L., Cashdollar, K. L., Lazzara, C. P., and Hertzberg, M., \u201cElectron Microscopy Studies of Explosion and Fire Residues,\u201d IC 8936, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1983."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c29","unstructured":"U.S. Congress, \u201cFederal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1977,\u201d Public Law 95-164, 09111977, Code of Federal Regulations 30, Chapter 1, Part 75."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c30","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Conti, R. S., and Cashdollar, K. L., \u201cElectrical Ignition Energies and Thermal Autoignition Temperatures for Evaluating Explosion Hazards of Dusts,\u201d RI 8988, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Conti, R. S., and Cashdollar, K. L., \u201cSpark Ignition Energies for Dust-Air Mixtures: Temperature and Concentration Dependences,\u201d in Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985, pp. 1681-1690.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(85)80664-0"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartknecht, W., \u201cPreventive and Design Measures for Protection Against the Danger of Dust Explosions,\u201d in this volume, pp. 158-190.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28173S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, R. S. and Hertzberg, M., \u201cThermal Autoignition Temperatures from the 1.2-L Furnace and Their Use in Evaluating the Explosion Potential of Dusts,\u201d in this volume, pp. 45-59.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28165S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korol'chenko, A. Y., Perov, A. V., and Shebeko, Y. N., \u201cEffects of Temperature on the Lower Concentration Limit of Flame Propagation in Air Suspensions,\u201d Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, Vol. 18, 1982, pp. 112-113.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00783945"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiemann, W., \u201cInfluence of Temperature and Pressure on the Explosion Characteristics of Dust\/Air and Dust\/Air\/Inert Gas Mixtures,\u201d in this volume, pp. 33-44.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28164S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67747-2","volume-title":"Explosions: Course, Prevention, Protection","author":"Bartknecht","year":"1981"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cashdollar, K. L., Sapko, M. J., Weiss, E. S., and Hertzberg, M., \u201cLaboratory and Mine Dust Explosion Research at the Bureau of Mines,\u201d in this volume, pp. 107-123.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP28169S"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c38","unstructured":"Le Chatelier, H. and Boudouard, O., \u201cOn the Flammability Limits of Gaseous Mixtures,\u201d Bulletin de la Societe Chimique (Paris), Vol. 74, 1898, pp. 483-488 (in French)."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c39","article-title":"Flammability Limits and the Extinguishment of Explosions in Gases, Dusts, and Their Mixtures: Theory, Experiment and the Problem of Scale","volume-title":"Colloque International: Berthelot-Vieille-Mallard-Le Chatelier","author":"Hertzberg","year":"1981"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c40","unstructured":"Richmond, J. K., Sapko, M. J., and Miller, L. F., \u201cFire and Explosion Properties of Oil Shale,\u201d RI 8726, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1982."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c41","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., \u201cThe Theory of Flammability Limits. Natural Convection,\u201d RI 8127, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1976."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Cashdollar, K. L., Zlochower, I., and Ng, D. L., \u201cInhibition and Extinction of Explosions in Heterogeneous Mixtures,\u201d in Twentieth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985, pp. 1691-1700.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(85)80665-2"},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c43","unstructured":"Hertzberg, M., Cashdollar, K. L., Lazzara, C. P., and Smith, A. C., \u201cInhibition and Extinction of Coal Dust and Methane Explosions,\u201d RI 8708, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, PA, 1982."},{"key":"2025062515374536400_p5_c44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeGabriele, R. M., Causilla, H., and Henschel, J. P., \u201cDynamic Steam Inerting System for a Ball Tube Mill Pulverizing Subbituminous Coal,\u201d Fire Technology\u20080015-2684, Vol. 16, 1980, pp. 212-226.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02476760"}],"container-title":["Industrial Dust Explosions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/stps\/book\/chapter-pdf\/35564\/10_1520_stp28163s.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T20:43:10Z","timestamp":1750884190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/stps\/book\/371\/chapter\/76809\/Introduction-to-Dust-Explosions"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,1,1]]},"ISBN":["0803109571","9780803109575","9780803150195"],"references-count":44,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/stp28163s","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,1,1]]}}}