{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:12:28Z","timestamp":1780607548392,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"ASTM International100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959","isbn-type":[{"value":"0803107978","type":"print"},{"value":"9780803107977","type":"print"},{"value":"9780803148123","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to review the state of the art in the measurement of hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained soils. Both field and laboratory tests for saturated and partially saturated soils are considered.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>For saturated soils, field tests are to be preferred because they permeate a larger volume of soil, thus taking into account the effects of macrostructure better than laboratory tests. Field tests are generally best performed by using a cylindrical piezometer tip, installed by methods that minimize disturbance, and measuring flow under a constant head. Laboratory tests offer the advantage of economy. Laboratory specimens should be as large as practical and should be oriented to produce flow in the direction of maximum hydraulic conductivity. The permeant should be a fluid similar to that encountered in the field. Without proper experimental technique, the conductivity measured in the laboratory may differ from the field value by several orders of magnitude.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Field tests for unsaturated soils are not well developed and can only be recommended for cases where water will be ponded on the surface of a site. The most versatile laboratory techniques are the instantaneous profile method using tensiometric or psychrometric probes, and the pressure plate outflow method. The best method to use depends on the soil suction expected in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/stp28316s","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T22:10:02Z","timestamp":1237327802000},"page":"18-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Measurement of the Hydraulic Conductivity of Fine-Grained Soils"],"prefix":"10.1520","author":[{"given":"RE","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas 1 Professor and assistant professor of Civil Engineering , respectively, Department of Civil Engineering, , Austin, Tex.78712 ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DE","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas 1 Professor and assistant professor of Civil Engineering , respectively, Department of Civil Engineering, , Austin, Tex.78712 ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"381","reference":[{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c1","volume-title":"Histoire Des Foundataines Publique de Dijon","author":"Darcy","year":"1856"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c2","volume-title":"Flow Through Porous Media","author":"de Wiest","year":"1969"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c3","unstructured":"Wykoff, R. D., Botset, H. G., Muscat, M. and Reed, D. W., Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Vol. 18, 1934, pp. 161-190."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c4","volume-title":"Hydraulics of Groundwater","author":"Bear","year":"1979"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelletier, J. H., Olson, R. E., and Rixner, J. J., Geotechnical Testing Journal\u20080149-6115, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1979, pp. 34-43.","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ10586J"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c6","article-title":"In Situ Permeabilities for Determining Rates of Consolidation","author":"Weber","year":"1968"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194808000-00008","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics","author":"Taylor","year":"1948"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c8","unstructured":"Andresen, A. and Simons, N. E., Proceedings, Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, American Society of Civil Engineers, Boulder, Colo., 1960, p. 705."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c9","article-title":"Equipment for Cutting and Mounting Undisturbed Specimens of Clay in Testing Devices","author":"Landva","year":"1964"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c10","unstructured":"Raymond, G. P. and Azzouz, M. M., Proceedings, Conference on In-Situ Investigations of Soils and Rocks, British Geotechnical Society, London, 1969, pp. 195-203."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c11","unstructured":"Jones, C. W., Special Procedures for Testing Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes, ASTM STP 479, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1970, pp. 164-171."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c12","volume-title":"Earth Manual","author":"U.S. Department of Interior","year":"1974"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c13","volume-title":"The Triaxial Test","author":"Bishop","year":"1957","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, J., Jonas, E., and Obrician, V., Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 95, No. SM1, 1969, pp. 77-97.","DOI":"10.1061\/JSFEAQ.0001259"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wissa, A. E. Z., Christian, J. T., Davis, E. H., and Heiberg, S., Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 97, No. SM10, 1971, pp. 1393-1413.","DOI":"10.1061\/JSFEAQ.0001679"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, P. W. and Barden, L., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1966, pp. 162-170.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1966.16.2.162"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c17","article-title":"An Investigation of Pore-Water Pressure in Compacted Cohesive Soils","author":"Hilf","year":"1956"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c18","unstructured":"Gibbs, H. J., Hilf, J. W., Holtz, W. G., and Walker, F. C., Proceedings, Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, American Society of Civil Engineers, Boulder, Colo., 1960, p. 75."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, J. K., Hooper, D. R., and Campanella, R. G., Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 91, No. SM4, 1965, pp. 41-65.","DOI":"10.1061\/JSFEAQ.0000775"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c20","unstructured":"Bishop, A. W. and Donald, I. B., Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, Vol. 1, 1961, pp. 13-21."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matyas, E. L., Air and Water Permeability of Compacted Soils, ASTM STP 417, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1967, pp. 160-175.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP47264S"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c22","unstructured":"Terzaghi, K., Die Berechnung der Durchlassigkeitziffer des Tons aus Dem Verlauf der Hydrodynamischen Spannungserscheinungen. Ditz. Akad. Wissen. Wien Math-Naturw. D1., Part IIA, Vol. 32, 1923, pp. 125-138."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casagrande, A. and Fadum, R. E., Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 109, 1944, pp. 383-490.","DOI":"10.1061\/TACEAT.0005693"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c24","article-title":"Research on the Consolidation of Clays","author":"Taylor","year":"1942"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, P. W., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1959, pp. 162-170.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1966.16.2.162"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, A. W. and Gibson, R. E., The Influence of the Provisions for Boundary Drainage on Strength and Consolidation Characteristics of Soil Measured in the Triaxial Apparatus. ASTM STP 361, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1963, pp. 435-451.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP30020S"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c27","unstructured":"Bianchi, W. C. and Haskell, E. E., Jr., Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 63, 1963, pp. 1227-1234."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nightingale, H. I. and Bianchi, W. C., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 110, No. 4, 1970, pp. 221-228.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-197010000-00001"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Remy, J. P., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1973, pp. 454-458.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1973.23.3.454"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c30","unstructured":"Van Zelst, T. W., Proceedings, Second International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, Rotterdam, Vol. 7, 1948, pp. 52-61."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, H. T. and Kenney, T. C., Canadian Geotechnical Journal\u20080008-3674. Vol. 10, No. 3, 1973, pp. 453-472.","DOI":"10.1139\/t73-038"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c32","volume-title":"In Situ Investigation in Soils and Rocks","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1969"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, H. W., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776. Vol. 29, 1965, pp. 135-140.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1965.03615995002900020009x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fireman, M., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 58, 1944, pp. 337-355.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194411000-00001"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, A. E., Soil Science\u20080038-075X. Vol. 32, 1931, pp. 425-446.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-193112000-00003"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeve, R. E., Bower, C. A., Brooks, R. H., and Gschwend, F. B., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776. Vol. 18, 1954, pp. 130-132.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1954.03615995001800020004x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambe, T. W., Symposium on Permeability of Soils, ASTM STP 163, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1954, pp. 56-67.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP46165S"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesri, G. and Olson, R. E., Clays and Clay Minerals\u20080009-8604, Vol. 19, 1971, pp. 151-158.","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1971.0190303"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassel, K. K., Warrick, A. W., Nielsen, D. R., and Biggar, J. W., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 32, No. 6, 1968, pp. 774-777.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1968.03615995003200060023x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klute, A., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 113, 1972, pp. 264-276.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-197204000-00006"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c41","unstructured":"Smith, R. M. and Browning, D. R., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 7, 1942, pp. 114-119."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c42","unstructured":"Bjerrum, L., and Hyder, J., Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, London, Vol. 1, 1957, pp. 6-8."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiansen, J. E., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 57, 1944, pp. 381-390.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194405000-00007"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c44","unstructured":"Johnson, A. I., Symposium on Soil Permeability, ASTM STP 163. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1954, pp. 98-114."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_p18_c45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allison, L. E., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 63, 1947, pp. 439-450.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194706000-00003"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsen, H. W., Water Resources Research\u20080043-1397, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1966, pp. 287-294.","DOI":"10.1029\/WR002i002p00287"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartzendruber, D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1968, pp. 11-18.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1968.03615995003200010004x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, J. K. and Younger, J. S., Permeability and Capillarity of Soils, ASTM STP 417, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1967, pp. 106-139.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP47262S"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gairon, S. and Schwartzendruber, D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776. Vol. 39, No. 5, 1975, pp. 811-817.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1975.03615995003900050012x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c50","volume-title":"Time Lag and Soil Permeability in Ground Water Observations","author":"Hvorslev","year":"1951"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c51","volume-title":"In Situ Investigations in Soils and Rocks","author":"Al-Dhahir","year":"1969"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khahir, Z. A. and Tan, S. B., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505. Vol. 18, No. 4, 1968, pp. 499-505.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1968.18.4.499"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c53","unstructured":"Subbaraju, B. H., Natarajan, T. K., and Bhandari, R. K., Proceedings, 8th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineers, Moscow, Vol. 2.2, pp. 217-220."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumb, P. and Holt, J. K., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 18, 1968, pp. 25-36.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1968.18.1.25"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c55","unstructured":"Bazett, D. J. and Brodie, A. F., Ontario Hydro Research News, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1961, pp. 1-6."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c56","volume-title":"Stabilization of Marsh Deposit","author":"Tsien","year":"1955"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenney, T. C. and Chan, H. T., Canadian Geotechnical Journal\u20080008-3674, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1973, pp. 473-488.","DOI":"10.1139\/t73-039"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c58","unstructured":"\u201cReport No. 1\u2014Engineering Properties of Foundation Soils at Long Creek-Fore River Areas and Back Cove,\u201d Haley and Aldrich, Report to Maine State Highway Commission, 1969."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T. H., Chang, N. Y., and Ali, E. M., Journal of Geotechnical Engineers Division. American Society of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 104, No. GT7, 1978, pp. 899-905.","DOI":"10.1061\/AJGEB6.0000670"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casagrande, L. and Poulos, S. J., Canadian Geotechnical Journal\u20080008-3674, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1969, pp. 287-326.","DOI":"10.1139\/t69-030"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c61","volume-title":"Pore Pressure and Suction in Soil","author":"Croney","year":"1961"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c62","unstructured":"Daniel, D. E., Hamilton, J. M., and Olson, R. E., in this publication, pp. 84-100."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrier, E. R. and Evans, D. D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1961, pp. 173-175.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1961.03615995002500030010x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, L. A., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 51, 1941, pp. 377-386.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194105000-00005"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, R. E. and Langfelder, L. J., Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 91, No. SM4, 1965, pp. 127-150.","DOI":"10.1061\/JSFEAQ.0000753"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c66","unstructured":"Fukada, H., \u201cMechanism of Soil Moisture Extraction from a Pressure Membrane Apparatus,\u201d Highway Research Board, Special Report 40, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1958, pp. 73-77."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coleman, J. D. and Marsh, A. D., Journal of Soil Science. Vol. 12, 1961, pp. 343-362.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.1961.tb00924.x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spanner, D. C., Journal of Experimental Botany\u20080022-0957, Vol. 2, 1951, pp. 145-168.","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/2.2.145"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c69","article-title":"Measurment of Plant and Soil Water Status","volume-title":"Utah Agricultural Experiment Station","author":"Wiebe","year":"1971"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, D. R. and Biggar, J. W., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 92, 1961, pp. 192-193.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196109000-00008"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c71","volume-title":"Methods of Soil Analysis","author":"Klute","year":"1965"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corey, A. T., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 21, 1957, pp. 7-10.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1957.03615995002100010003x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, D. R., Kirkham, D., and Perrier, E. R., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1960, pp. 157-160.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1960.03615995002400030011x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, S. J. and Weeks, L. V., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 17, 1953, pp. 206-209.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1953.03615995001700030006x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weeks, I. V. and Richards, S. J., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 31, 1967, pp. 721-725.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1967.03615995003100060008x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c76","unstructured":"Hamilton, J. M., Daniel, D. E., and Olson, R. E., in this publication, pp. 182-196."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, W. R., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 20, 1956, pp. 317-320.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1956.03615995002000030006x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Letey, J., Kemper, W. D., and Noonan, L., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 33, 1969, pp. 16-18.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1969.03615995003300010010x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haridasan, M. and Jensen, R. D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 36, 1972, pp. 703-708.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1972.03615995003600050011x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunze, R. J. and Kirkham, D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 26, 1962, pp. 421-426.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1962.03615995002600050006x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, W. R., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1962, p. 404.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1962.03615995002600040027x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doering, E. J., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 99, No. 1, 1965, pp. 322-326.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196505000-00005"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, R. D., Van Bavel, C. H. M., and Reginato, R. J., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 96, 1963, pp. 249-256.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196310000-00004"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c84","volume-title":"Water in the Unsaturated Zone","author":"Davidson","year":"1968"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartzendruber, D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 27, 1963, pp. 491-495.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1963.03615995002700050008x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rawlins, S. L. and Gardner, W. H., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 27, 1963, pp. 507-511.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1963.03615995002700050012x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, T. C. and Schwartzendruber, D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 32, No. 4, 1968, pp. 457-462.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1968.03615995003200040014x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c88","volume-title":"Methods of Soil Analysis","author":"Boersma","year":"1965"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkham, D. and van Bavel, C. H. M., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 13, 1948, pp. 75-82.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1949.036159950013000C0012x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Bavel, C. H. M. and Kirkham, D., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 13, 1948, pp. 90-96.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1949.036159950013000C0014x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkham, D., Symposium on Permeability of Soils. ASTM STP 163. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1954, pp. 80-97.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP46167S"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c92","volume-title":"Soil Engineering","author":"Spangler","year":"1951"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c93","unstructured":"Samsioe, A. F., Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Vol. 11, 041931, pp. 124-135."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-5402-1","volume-title":"Grundwasserstr\u00f6mung","author":"Dachler","year":"1936"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c95","volume-title":"Hydraulik","author":"Forcheimer","year":"1930","edition":"3rd. ed."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c96","volume-title":"Transactions","author":"Harza","year":"1935"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c97","unstructured":"Casagrande, A., Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers\u20080006-8012, Vol. 36, 041949, pp. 192-221."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c98","volume-title":"Pore Pressure and Suction in Soils","author":"Bjerrum","year":"1960"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkes, P. F., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1970, pp. 330-333.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1970.20.3.330"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, R. H. G., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 21, No. 2, 1971, pp. 163-167.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1971.21.2.163"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaughn, P. R., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1969, pp. 405-413.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1969.19.3.405"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c102","volume-title":"In Situ Measurement of Soil Properties","author":"Jezequel","year":"1975"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson, W. B., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1968, pp. 172-194.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1968.18.2.172"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dhahir, Z. A. and Morgenstern, N. R., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 107, No. 1, 1969, pp. 17-21.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196901000-00004"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luthian, J. N. and Kirkham, D., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 68, 1949, pp. 349-358.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194911000-00001"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smiles, D. E. and Youngs, E. G., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 99, 1965, pp. 83-87.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196502000-00003"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, R. E., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 13, 1963, pp. 1-11.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1963.13.1.1"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c108","volume-title":"In Situ Investigations in Soils and Rocks","author":"Al-Dhahir","year":"1969"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, R. E., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1970, pp. 193-197.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1970.20.2.193"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, R. E., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 16, 1966, pp. 256-259.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1966.16.3.256"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c111","unstructured":"Bjerrum, L. and Andersen, K. H., Proceedings, Fifth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Madrid, reprinted in Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Publ. No. 91, 1972, pp. 29-38."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjerrum, L., Nash, J. K. T. L., Kennard, R. M., and Gibson, R. E., Geotechnique\u20080016-8505, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1972, pp. 319-332.","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1972.22.2.319"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c113","unstructured":"Frevert, R. K. and Kirkham, D., Proceedings. Highway Research Board, Vol. 28, 1948 pp. 433-442."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, F. G., Veneman, P. L. M., and Bouma, J., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 38, 1974, pp. 885-888.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1974.03615995003800060017x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, L. A., Gardner, W. R., and Ogata, G., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 20, 1956, pp. 310-314.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1956.03615995002000030004x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogata, G. and Richards, L. A., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 21, 1957, pp. 355-356.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1957.03615995002100040001x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, D. R., Davidson, J. M., Biggar, J. W., and Miller, R. J., Hilgardia\u20080073-2230, Vol. 35, 1962, pp. 491-506.","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v35n17p491"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, C. W., Stern, W. R., and Drummond, J., Australian Journal of Soil Research, Vol. 3, 1965, pp. 109.","DOI":"10.1071\/SR9650001"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, C. W. and Krishnan, A., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 103, 1967, pp. 369-373.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196706000-00001"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Bavel, C. H. M., Stirk, G. B., and Brust, K. J., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 32, 1968, pp. 310-317.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1968.03615995003200030018x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, J. M., Stone, L. R., Nielson, D. R., and Larue, M. E., Water Resources Research\u20080043-1397, Vol. 5, 1969, pp. 1312-1321.","DOI":"10.1029\/WR005i006p01312"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillel, D., Krentos, V. D., and Stylianou, Y., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 114, 1972, pp. 395-400.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-197211000-00011"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, D. R., Biggar, J. W., and Erb, K. T., Hilgardia\u20080073-2230, Vol. 42, No. 7, 1973, pp. 215-259.","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v42n07p215"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, W. R., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 34, 1970, pp. 832-833.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1970.03615995003400050045x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillel, D. and Gardner, W. R., Soil Science\u20080038-075X, Vol. 109, 1970, pp. 149-153.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-197003000-00002"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouma, J., Hillel, D. I., Hole, F. D., and Amerman, C. R., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 35, 1971, pp. 262-264.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1971.03615995003500020050x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, F. G., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 41, 1977, 1029-1032.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1977.03615995004100060002x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c128","unstructured":"Olson, R. E., Daniel, D. E., and Liu, T. K., Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Analysis and Design in Geotechnical Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Austin, Tex., 1974, pp. 85-110."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson, R. E. and Ladd, C. C., Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 105, No. 1, 1979, pp. 11-30.","DOI":"10.1061\/AJGEB6.0000749"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c130","volume-title":"Pore Pressure and Suction in Soils","author":"Skempton","year":"1960"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golder, H. A. and Gass, A. A., Field Testing of Soils, ASTM STP 322. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1962, pp. 29-45.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP47031S"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c132","volume-title":"In-Situ Investigations in Soil and Rocks","author":"Bishop","year":"1969"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, P. M., Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology\u20080481-2085, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1970, pp. 41-53.","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.QJEG.1970.003.01.03"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c134","unstructured":"Murray, R. T., \u201cEmbankments Constructed on Soft Foundations: Settlement Study at Avonmouth,\u201d Road Research Laboratory, Report LR419, 1971."},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchie, J. T., Kissel, D. E., and Burnett, E., Soil Science Society of America Proceedings\u20080038-0776, Vol. 36, 1972, pp. 874-879.","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1972.03615995003600060015x"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodall, D. C., and Quigley, R. M., Canadian Geotechnical Journal\u20080008-3674, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1977, pp. 223-236.","DOI":"10.1139\/t77-023"},{"key":"2025062516460030900_c137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mieussens, C., and Ducasse, P., Canadian Geotechnical Journal\u20080008-3674, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1977, pp. 76-90.","DOI":"10.1139\/t77-006"}],"container-title":["Permeability and Groundwater Contaminant Transport"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/stps\/book\/chapter-pdf\/73663\/10_1520_stp28316s.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:14:12Z","timestamp":1750896852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/stps\/book\/1160\/chapter\/158653\/Measurement-of-the-Hydraulic-Conductivity-of-Fine"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981,1,1]]},"ISBN":["0803107978","9780803107977","9780803148123"],"references-count":137,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/stp28316s","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1981,1,1]]}}}