{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:27:29Z","timestamp":1778160449241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bender element (BE) testing is a powerful and increasingly common laboratory technique for determining the shear S-wave velocity of geomaterials. There are several advantages of BE testing, but there is no standard developed for the testing procedures or for the interpretation of the results. This leads to high degree of uncertainty and subjectivity in the interpretation. In this paper, the authors review the most common methods for the interpretation of BE tests, discuss some important technical requirements to minimize errors, and propose a practical framework for BE testing, based on the comparison of different interpretation techniques in order to obtain the most reliable value for the travel time. This new procedure consists of the application of a methodical, systematic, and objective approach for the interpretation of the results, in the time and frequency domains. The use of an automated tool enables unbiased information to be obtained regarding variations in the results to assist in the decision of the travel time. Two natural soils were tested: residual soil from Porto granite, and Toyoura sand. Specimens were subjected to the same isotropic stress conditions and the results obtained provided insights on the effects of soil type and confining stress on the interpretation of BE results; namely, the differences in testing dry versus saturated soils, and in testing uniform versus well-graded soils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/gtj100974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T23:43:06Z","timestamp":1228174986000},"page":"91-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["A Framework Interpreting Bender Element Tests, Combining Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Methods"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Viana da Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto, Faculdade Engenharia, DECivil 1 Associate Professor , , Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465Porto, Portugal , e-mail: viana@fe.up.pt"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Porto, Faculdade Engenharia, DECivil 2 Senior Research Assistant , , Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-465Porto, Portugal , e-mail: cristiana@fe.up.pt"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil & Resource Engineering, The University of Western Australia 3 Professor , , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA6009, Australia . Tel.: +618 6488 3519, Fax: +618 6488 1044 e-mail: fahey@civil.uwa.edu.au"}]}],"member":"381","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025062618471353900_c67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1981.31.1.91","article-title":"Shear Wave Measurements of the Elasticity of the Ground","volume":"31","author":"Abbiss","year":"1981","journal-title":"Geotechnique","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8505","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c1","article-title":"Obtaining Reliable Gmax Measurements","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Current Practices of the Use of Bender Element Technique","author":"Airey","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c2","article-title":"Experience of Bender Element Measurements on a Variety of Materials","volume-title":"Workshop on Bender Element Testing of Soils","author":"Alvarado","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c3","first-page":"69","article-title":"Comparison of Field and Laboratory Shear Moduli","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on In Situ Measurement of Soil Properties","author":"Anderson","year":"1975"},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c4","unstructured":"Arroyo, M.\n          , 2001, \u201cPulse Tests in Soil Samples,\u201d PhD Thesis, University of Bristol, UK."},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c5","first-page":"589","article-title":"Numerical Modelling of Scale Effects in Bender-Based Pulse Tests","volume-title":"NUMOG VIII","author":"Arroyo","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062618471353900_c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2003.53.3.337","article-title":"Source Near-Field Effects and Pulse Tests in Soil Samples","volume":"53","author":"Arroyo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geotechnique","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8505","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062618471353900_c7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2006.56.1.39","article-title":"Effects of Sample Size on Bender-Based Axial Go Measurements","volume":"56","author":"Arroyo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geotechnique","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0016-8505","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062618471353900_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ10750J","article-title":"Analysis of Bender Element Tests","volume":"21","author":"Arulnathan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geotech. 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Assessment of Sampling Quality in Residual Soils,\u201d MSc Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c21","article-title":"Analysis of the Application of Different Interpretation Techniques on Bender Element Measurements on Toyoura Sand","volume-title":"Workshop on Bender Element Testing of Soils","author":"Ferreira","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c22","unstructured":"Ferreira, C., and Viana da Fonseca, A., 2005, \u201cReport on International Parallel Tests on Bender Elements at the University of Porto,\u201d Portugal, FEUP (http:\/\/www.civeng.ucl.ac.uk\/staff\/pdg\/benders\/UCL-cristiana.ppt, last accessed at 5 December 2007)."},{"key":"2025062618471353900_c23","first-page":"523","article-title":"Comparison of Simultaneous Bender Elements and Resonant Column Tests on Porto Residual Soil","volume-title":"Soil Stress-Strain Behavior: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis. 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