{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T06:30:26Z","timestamp":1771655426591,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This paper presents a new numerical methodology aiming at facilitating the identification of seismic wave\u2019s propagation time, using a time domain approach. The solution uses first- and second-order differential computing, namely divided differences methods. Results of extensive laboratory seismic wave tests over aggregate\u2013cement mixtures with different voids ratios (densities) and cement contents (1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %) are discussed. The results indicated relevant differences in values of longitudinal modulus (or P-wave modulus) derived with and without this methodology. This was considered especially important in stiff specimens with high-seismic wave velocities and low-energy input signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/gtj20120111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T00:56:20Z","timestamp":1361235380000},"page":"178-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Numerical Methodology to Minimize Resolution and Sensitivity Effects in P-Wave Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M. F.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Porto (FEUP), Dept. of Civil Engineering 1 , PT ."}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Viana da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Porto (FEUP), Dept. of Civil Engineering 1 , PT ."}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Porto (FEUP), Dept. of Civil Engineering 1 , PT ."}]}],"member":"381","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025062618593966400_c1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.7.00086","article-title":"On the Performance of Bender Elements in Triaxial Tests","volume":"62","author":"Alvarado","year":"2012","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1680\/geolett.11.00032","article-title":"Compression and Shear Wave Propagation in Cemented-Sand Specimens","volume":"1","author":"Amaral","year":"2011","journal-title":"G\u00e9otech. Lett."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c3","first-page":"115","article-title":"Dynamic Poisson Ratio Analysis","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering","author":"Amaral","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062618593966400_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2006.56.1.39","article-title":"Effects of Sample Size on Bender-Based Axial G0 Measurements","volume":"56","author":"Arroyo","year":"2006","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062618593966400_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ102872","article-title":"Shear Wave Measurements Using Bender Elements in Argillaceous Rocks","volume":"33","author":"Arroyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062618593966400_c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ10750J","article-title":"Analysis of Bender Element Tests","volume":"21","author":"Arulnathan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c7","article-title":"Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)","volume-title":"Annual Book of ASTM Standards","author":"ASTM D2487","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c8","article-title":"Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort","volume-title":"Annual Book of ASTM Standards","author":"ASTM D1557","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062618593966400_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ10716J","article-title":"Measurement of Shear Waves in Laboratory Specimens by Means of Piezoelectric Transducers","volume":"19","author":"Brignoli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1139\/t98-058","article-title":"Measurement of Low Strain Material Damping and Wave Velocity with Bender Elements in the Frequency Domain","volume":"35","author":"Brocanelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c11","unstructured":"Camacho-Tauta, J.\n          , 2010, \u201cEvaluation of the Small-strain Stiffness of Soil by Non-Conventional Dynamic Testing Methods,\u201d D.Sc. thesis, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c12","first-page":"149","article-title":"Moving Windows Algorithm to Reduce Uncertainties in Bender Elements Testing","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Portuguese Geotechnical National Conference","author":"Camacho-Tauta","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062618593966400_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:2(197)","article-title":"Key Parameters for Strength Control of Artificially Cemented Soils","volume":"133","author":"Consoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"issue":"9","key":"2025062618593966400_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000008","article-title":"Fundamental Parameters for the Stiffness and Strength Control of Artificially Cemented Sands","volume":"135","author":"Consoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062618593966400_c15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000524","article-title":"Parameters Controlling Tensile Strength of Cement Treated Soils","volume":"137","author":"Consoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c16","first-page":"186","article-title":"Lab Measurements of Gmax Using Bender Elements","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ASCE Annual Convention: Advances in the Art of Testing Soils under Cyclic Conditions","author":"Dyvik","year":"1985"},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c17","volume-title":"Wave Motion in Elastic Solids","author":"Graff","year":"1991"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062618593966400_c18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ11192","article-title":"Frequency Domain Determination of G0 Using Bender Elements","volume":"27","author":"Greening","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c19","first-page":"381","article-title":"Comparison of Shear Wave Velocity Measurements in Different Materials Using Time and Frequency Domain Techniques","volume-title":"Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium","author":"Greening","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062618593966400_c20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9045(82)90019-3","article-title":"Multivariate Divided Differences and Multivariate Interpolation of Lagrange and Hermite Type","volume":"34","author":"Hakopian","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Approx. Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062618593966400_c21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1996.46.2.357","article-title":"Objective Criteria for Determining Gmax from Bender Element Tests","volume":"46","author":"Jovi\u010di\u0107","year":"1996","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1139\/t06-008","article-title":"Characterization of a Cemented Sand with the Pulse-Velocity Method","volume":"43","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/T10-040","article-title":"Dynamic Properties of Cemented Sands Using the Ultrasonic Waves","volume":"48","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062618593966400_c24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:6(737)","article-title":"Frequency-Dependent Stress Wave Attenuation in Cement-Based Materials","volume":"121","author":"Landis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025062618593966400_c25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ12196","article-title":"Measuring Shear Wave Velocity Using Bender Elements","volume":"28","author":"Leong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062618593966400_c26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of Young\u2019s Moduli of Dense Sand and Gravel Measured by Dynamic and Static Methods","volume":"25","author":"LeQuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c27","first-page":"73","article-title":"Automatic Gmax Measurements in Triaxial Tests","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials","author":"Mohsin","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c28","unstructured":"Pennington, D. S.\n          , 1999, \u201cThe Anisotropic Small Strain Stiffness of Cambridge Gault Clay,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Bristol."},{"key":"2025062618593966400_c29","volume-title":"Vibrations of Soils and Foundations","author":"Richart","year":"1970"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025062618593966400_c30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000698","article-title":"The Effect of the Porosity\/Cement Ratio on the Compression Behavior of Cemented Soil","volume":"138","author":"Rios","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062618593966400_c31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1997.47.4.873","article-title":"Discussion on Interpretation of Bender Element Tests (Paper by Viggiani and Atkinson, 1995)","volume":"47","author":"Santamarina","year":"1997","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062618593966400_c32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381760","article-title":"Shear-Wave Measurements in Laboratory Sediments","volume":"63","author":"Shirley","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062618593966400_c33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ101689","article-title":"New Methodology for Source Characterization in Pulse Velocity Testing","volume":"32","author":"Tallav\u00f3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062618593966400_c34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.9.P.087","article-title":"Ultrasonic Transducers Characterisation for Evaluation of Stiff Geomaterials","volume":"61","author":"Tallav\u00f3","year":"2011","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062618593966400_c35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-009-9267-y","article-title":"Strength Properties of Sandy Soil\u2013Cement Admixtures","volume":"27","author":"Viana da Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062618593966400_c36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ100974","article-title":"A Framework Interpreting Bender Element Tests, Combining Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Methods","volume":"32","author":"Viana da Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062618593966400_c37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1995.45.1.149","article-title":"Interpretation of Bender Element Tests","volume":"45","author":"Viggiani","year":"1995","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"}],"container-title":["Geotechnical Testing Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/gtj\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/178\/8775\/10_1520_gtj20120111.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/gtj\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/178\/8775\/10_1520_gtj20120111.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T22:59:48Z","timestamp":1750978788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/gtj\/article\/36\/2\/178\/2577\/Numerical-Methodology-to-Minimize-Resolution-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/gtj20120111","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-6115","1945-7545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-6115","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7545","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}}}