{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:05:53Z","timestamp":1770743153186,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Several suction\u2013water-content (s-w) calibrations for the filter paper method (FPM) used for soil-suction measurement have been published. Most of the calibrations involve a bilinear function (i.e., two different equations) with an inflection point occurring at 60 kPa &amp;lt; s &amp;lt; 100 kPa (i.e., 40 % &amp;lt; w &amp;lt; 50 %). An approach for defining a continuous calibration function with a smooth transition between the high and low suctions based on a regression analysis of various previously published calibrations obtained for filter paper Whatman No. 42 (W42) is presented and discussed. The approach is applied herein to data obtained from three established bilinear calibrations (six equations) for W42 filter paper to determine the two fitting parameters of the continuous function. An experimental evaluation of the new calibration show that the suctions estimated by the contact FPM test using the proposed function compare well with suctions measured by other laboratory techniques for two different soils for the suction range of 50 kPa &amp;lt; s &amp;lt; 400 kPa, which corresponds to a water content range of 30 % &amp;lt; w &amp;lt; 55 %.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/gtj20130024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,24]],"date-time":"2014-11-24T11:36:38Z","timestamp":1416828998000},"page":"113-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Single-Function Approach to Calibrating Whatman No. 42 Filter Paper Based on Suction Versus Water Content Relationships"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"K\u00e1tia V.","family":"Bicalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Univ. of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 1 Professor , , Espirito Santo29075-910, BR"}]},{"given":"Adelmo I.","family":"Bertolde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Univ. of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 1 Professor , , Espirito Santo29075-910, BR"}]},{"given":"Kamila F.","family":"Cupertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Univ. of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 2 Graduate Student , , Espirito Santo, 29075-910, BR"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Fleureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Centrale Paris 3 Professor , , 92290Ch\u00e2tenay-Malabry, FR"},{"name":"CNRS 5 , 75794Paris cedex 16, FR"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio G.","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. of Minho 4 Professor , , Guimar\u00e3es4704-553, PT"}]}],"member":"381","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062619074261400_c1","article-title":"Standard Test Method for Measurement of Soil Potential (Suction) Using Filter Paper","volume-title":"Annual Book of ASTM Standards","author":"ASTM D5298-10","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025062619074261400_c2","first-page":"777","article-title":"Evaluation of Filter Paper Calibrations for Indirect Determination of Soil Suctions of an Unsaturated Compacted Silty Sand","volume-title":"17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering","author":"Bicalho","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025062619074261400_c3","first-page":"609","article-title":"Evaluation of Filter Paper Calibrations for Indirect Determination of Soil Suctions of Unsaturated Soils","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Unsaturated Soils","author":"Bicalho","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025062619074261400_c4","first-page":"225","article-title":"Evaluation of the Suction Calibration Curves for Whatman 42 Filter Paper","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st Pan-American Conference on Unsaturated Soils","author":"Bicalho","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062619074261400_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1986.36.2.265","article-title":"The Filter Paper Method of Suction Measurement","volume":"36","author":"Chandler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062619074261400_c6","first-page":"82","article-title":"A Low-Cost Method of Assessing Clay Desiccation for Low-Rise Buildings","volume":"92","author":"Chandler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civil Eng."},{"issue":"25","key":"2025062619074261400_c7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1071\/EA9670162","article-title":"A Filter Paper Method for Determining the Moisture Characteristics of Soil","volume":"7","author":"Fawcett","year":"1967","journal-title":"Austr. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb."},{"issue":"4","key":"2025062619074261400_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf.43.4_21","article-title":"Generalised Effective Stress Analysis of Strength and Small Strains Behaviour of a Silty Sand, From Dry to Saturated State","volume":"43","author":"Fleureau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"2025062619074261400_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470172759","volume-title":"Soil Mechanics for Unsaturated Soils","author":"Fredlund","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025062619074261400_c10","article-title":"Evaluation of the Filter Paper Method for Measuring Soil Water Suction","volume-title":"Internation Conference on Measurement of Soil and Plant Water Status","author":"Greacen","year":"1987"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2025062619074261400_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(81)90011-1","article-title":"Filter Paper Method for Routine Measurement of Field Water Potential","volume":"53","author":"Hamblin","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062619074261400_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ10090J","article-title":"Laboratory Filter Paper Suction Measurements","volume":"17","author":"Houston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062619074261400_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ11094J","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Filter Paper Method for Total and Matric Suction Measurements","volume":"25","author":"Leong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"1786","key":"2025062619074261400_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3141\/1786-14","article-title":"Filter Paper Technique for Measuring Total Soil Suction","author":"Likos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Transport. Res. Board"},{"key":"2025062619074261400_c15","volume-title":"Unsaturated Soil Mechanics","author":"Lu","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025062619074261400_c16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ101099","article-title":"A Revised Contact Filter Paper Method","volume":"31","author":"Power","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062619074261400_c17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1993.43.2.321","article-title":"A New Instrument for the Measurement of Soil Moisture Suction","volume":"43","author":"Ridley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"2025062619074261400_c18","unstructured":"Soto, M. A. A.\n          , 2004, \u201cCompara\u00e7\u00e3o Entre M\u00e9todos de Imposi\u00e7\u00e3o e de Controle de Suc\u00e7\u00e3o em Ensaios com Solos n\u00e3o Saturados [Comparison between enforcement methods and control of sucking in trials with non saturated soils],\u201d Ph.D. thesis, University of Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil (in Portuguese)."}],"container-title":["Geotechnical Testing Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/gtj\/article-pdf\/38\/1\/113\/9265\/10_1520_gtj20130024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/gtj\/article-pdf\/38\/1\/113\/9265\/10_1520_gtj20130024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T23:07:50Z","timestamp":1750979270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/gtj\/article\/38\/1\/113\/2747\/Single-Function-Approach-to-Calibrating-Whatman-No"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/gtj20130024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-6115","1945-7545"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-6115","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7545","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]}}}