{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T23:40:05Z","timestamp":1750981205407,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A new laboratory test, named the flow limitation erosion test (FLET), has been designed and developed to study upstream flow limitation during the phase of progression of internal erosion in the embankment of zoned dams. Upstream flow limitation may occur because of the presence of the shell or a transition zone upstream of a cracked core. In the FLET, the soil specimen is composed of core and upstream shell materials. These are compacted inside a test apparatus made up of several pieces assembled in steps. Then the soil specimen is subjected to water flow through a predrilled hole in the core material to simulate a concentrated leak, initiated, for example, by large differential settlement or hydraulic fracture. In most tests, the hole is also drilled in the upstream material to simulate the scenario in which the mechanism causing the flaw in the core is also likely to affect the upstream zone. Combinations of the same core material and several types of coarse-grained upstream materials (broadly graded and gap-graded soils) are tested for a range of compaction conditions and hydraulic loads. It is shown that FLET is capable of assessing whether there is upstream flow limitation and whether the internal erosion process stops, shows a trend of slowing down, or progresses. Upstream flow limitation is shown to be dependent on the fines and gravel content, fines plasticity, and compaction water content of the upstream material. In the particular case of the tested gap-graded soils, it is shown to be also dependent on the initial gradient along the upstream material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/gtj20130104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]],"date-time":"2014-03-26T02:16:36Z","timestamp":1395800196000},"page":"463-476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Laboratory Test for Evaluating Limitation of Flows during Internal Erosion in Zoned Dams"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Ricardo Neves","family":"Correia dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical Dept., Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) 1 Ph.D. Student, Research Engineer , , Avenida do Brasil, No. 101, 1700-066, Lisbon, PT"}]},{"given":"Laura Maria","family":"Mello Saraiva Caldeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) 2 Principal Research Officer, Head of the Geotechnical Dept. , , Avenida do Brasil, No. 101, 1700-066, Lisbon, PT"}]},{"given":"Emanuel Maranha","family":"das Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico (IST) \u2013 Technical Univ. of Lisbon (UTL) 3 Jubilee Full Professor , , Avenida Rovisco Pais, No. 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, PT"}]}],"member":"381","reference":[{"key":"2025062619043797700_c1","article-title":"Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Classification System)","volume-title":"Annual Book of ASTM Standards","author":"ASTM D2487","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025062619043797700_c2","article-title":"Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12400 ft-lbf\/ft3 (600 kN-m\/m3))","volume-title":"Annual Book of ASTM Standards","author":"ASTM D698","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062619043797700_c3","first-page":"57","article-title":"Experimental Parametric Study of Suffusion and Backward Erosion","volume":"134","author":"Bendahmane","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Environ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"2025062619043797700_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ12622","article-title":"New Apparatus for Evaluating Filter Performance for Dams Containing Cracks","volume":"30","author":"Brandon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2025062619043797700_c5","first-page":"105","article-title":"Erosion Function Apparatus for Scour Rate Predictions","volume":"127","author":"Briaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"2025062619043797700_c6","first-page":"55","article-title":"Bureau of Reclamation Experience with Evaluating Internal Erosion of Embankment Dams","volume-title":"Internal Erosion of Dams and Their Foundations","author":"Cyganiewicz","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025062619043797700_c7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1520\/STP26982S","article-title":"Development and Use of the Soil Conservation Service Dispersion Test","volume-title":"Dispersive Clays, Related Piping, and Erosion in Geotechnical Projects, ASTM STP 623","author":"Decker","year":"1977"},{"key":"2025062619043797700_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1071\/SR9670047","article-title":"A Classification of the Soil Aggregates Based on Their Coherence in Water","volume":"5","author":"Emerson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Austr. J. 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Intermediate Report of the European Working Group of ICOLD","author":"Fry","year":"2007"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025062619043797700_c13","first-page":"741","article-title":"Contact Erosion at the Interface between Granular Coarse Soil and Various Base Soils under Tangential Flow Condition","volume":"136","author":"Guidoux","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"2025062619043797700_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1139\/t86-068","article-title":"Internal Stability of Granular Filters: Reply","volume":"23","author":"Kenney","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062619043797700_c15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ101448","article-title":"An Improved Rotating Cylinder Test Design for Laboratory Measurement of Erosion in Clayey Soils","volume":"32","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. 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