{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T19:15:57Z","timestamp":1761851757111,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Soil improvement with hydraulic binders is currently used in practice because of the advantages of using the local soil enhancing its geotechnical properties. However, environmental issues related to quicklime applications and carbon-dioxide emissions associated to Portland cement production encouraged the development of new binders. In this work, alkaline-activated cement (AAC) synthetized by fly ash and an alkaline solution was used to stabilize silty sand. The behavior of the treated soil was evaluated performing tests on a physical model and the results were compared to laboratory data to define its compaction, strength, and stiffness properties. Those tests include nuclear density gauge measurements, light falling weight deflectometer tests, and plate load tests, whereas unconfined compression tests with unload\u2013reload cycles and seismic wave measurements were performed at the laboratory. These tests, very common in current geotechnical practice, have proved to be also adequate to quality control and to evaluate the geomechanical properties of this material. The results at 28 days show a significant improvement given by the AAC, but still show some sensitivity to water when flooded. The comparison of results from different tests provided the evolution of stiffness with strain level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/gtj20160211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]],"date-time":"2017-05-17T10:15:12Z","timestamp":1495016112000},"page":"618-629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization of Soil Treated With Alkali-Activated Cement in Large-Scale Specimens"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical Dept., MOTA-ENGIL, Engenharia e Constru\u00e7\u00e3o 1 , Rua Rego do Lameiro, 38, 4300-454Porto, PT"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2625-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO 2 , Faculty of Engineering , , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n 4200-465Porto, PT"},{"name":"Univ. of Porto 2 , Faculty of Engineering , , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n 4200-465Porto, PT"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Dept., National Laboratory for Civil Engineering 3 , Avenida do Brasil, 101, 1700-066Lisboa, PT"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic Inst. of Guarda 4 , Av. Dr. Francisco S\u00e1 Carneiro, 50, 6300-559Guarda, PT"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical Dept., MOTA-ENGIL, Engenharia e Constru\u00e7\u00e3o 1 , Rua Rego do Lameiro, 38, 4300-454Porto, PT"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical Dept., MOTA-ENGIL, Engenharia e Constru\u00e7\u00e3o 1 , Rua Rego do Lameiro, 38, 4300-454Porto, PT"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Univ. of Porto 5 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s\/n 4200-465Porto, PT"}]}],"member":"381","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Standard Specification for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes","year":"2008","key":"2024022200484352800_c1"},{"volume-title":"Plate Test Static Deformation Module (EV2), Part 1","year":"2000","key":"2024022200484352800_c2"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024022200484352800_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:5(560)","article-title":"Laboratory Evaluation of the Geogauge and Light Falling Weight Deflectometer as Construction Control Tools","volume":"17","author":"Alshibli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civil Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024022200484352800_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1680\/geolett.11.00032","article-title":"Compression and Shear Wave Propagation in Cemented-Sand Specimens","volume":"1","author":"Amaral","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geotech. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024022200484352800_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ11290J","article-title":"Comparison of Young's Moduli of Dense Sand and Gravel Measured by Dynamic and Static Methods","volume":"25","author":"AnhDan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geotech. Testing J."},{"volume-title":"Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete","year":"2015","key":"2024022200484352800_c6"},{"volume-title":"Standard Practice for Making and Curing Soil-Cement Compression and Flexure Test Specimens in the Laboratory","year":"2007","key":"2024022200484352800_c7"},{"volume-title":"Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders","year":"2007","key":"2024022200484352800_c8"},{"volume-title":"Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)","year":"2011","key":"2024022200484352800_c9"},{"volume-title":"Standard Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depths)","year":"2015","key":"2024022200484352800_c10"},{"volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Measuring Deflections With a Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD)","year":"2011","key":"2024022200484352800_c11"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024022200484352800_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1996.46.3.383","article-title":"Soil Mechanics in Pavement Engineering","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024022200484352800_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.13.P.206","article-title":"Time and Frequency Domain Evaluation of Bender Element Systems","volume":"65","author":"Camacho-Tauta","year":"2015","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024022200484352800_c14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ10676J","article-title":"The Use of Hall Effect Semiconductors in Geotechnical Instrumentation","volume":"12","author":"Clayton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024022200484352800_c15","first-page":"73","article-title":"Deep Soft Soil Improvement by Alkaline Activation","volume":"164","author":"Cristelo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. - Ground Improve."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024022200484352800_c16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-012-0200-9","article-title":"Effects of Alkaline-Activated Fly Ash and Portland Cement on Soft Soil Stabilisation","volume":"8","author":"Cristelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"2024022200484352800_c17","unstructured":"Cruz, N.\n          , 2010, \u201cModelling Geomechanics of Residual Soils With DMT Tests,\u201d PhD dissertation, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, www.nbdfcruz.com"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024022200484352800_c18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01912193","article-title":"Geopolymers\u2014Inorganic Polymeric New Materials","volume":"37","author":"Davidovits","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. 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Application \u00e0 la R\u00e9alisation des Remblais et des Couches de Forme","volume-title":"Technical Guide for Soils Treated With Lime and Cement","author":"LCPC","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024022200484352800_c23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1990.40.3.467","article-title":"The General and Congruent Effects of Structure in Natural Soils and Weak Rocks","volume":"40","author":"Leroueil","year":"1990","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"2024022200484352800_c24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazzal, M., Abu-Farsakh, M., Alshibi, K., and Mohammad, L., 2007, \u201cEvaluating the LFWD Device for In Situ Measurement of Elastic Modulus of Pavement Layers,\u201d 86th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, Jan. 9\u201313, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.","DOI":"10.3141\/2016-02"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024022200484352800_c25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ20140233","article-title":"Dynamic Modulus Measurements of Bound Cement-Treated Base Materials","volume":"38","author":"Nusit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geotech. 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Geomech."},{"issue":"7","key":"2024022200484352800_c29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:7(619)","article-title":"Degradation of Stiffness of Cemented Calcareous Soil in Cyclic Triaxial Tests","volume":"129","author":"Sharma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geotech. Geoenviron. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2024022200484352800_c30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/GTJ20120034","article-title":"Influence of Lightweight Deflectometer Characteristics on Deflection Measurement","volume":"36","author":"Stamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geotech. Test. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2024022200484352800_c31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001112","article-title":"Sulfate Resistance of Clay-Portland Cement and Clay High-Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer","volume":"27","author":"Sukmak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. 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J."},{"issue":"3","key":"2024022200484352800_c34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1997.47.3.633","article-title":"Interpretation of a Footing Load Test on a Saprolitic Soil From Granite","volume":"47","author":"Viana da Fonseca","year":"1997","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024022200484352800_c35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-005-2023-z","article-title":"Characterization of a Profile of Residual Soil From Granite Combining Geological, Geophysical and Mechanical Testing Techniques","volume":"24","author":"Viana da Fonseca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. 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V., 2006, \u201cLow-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Long-Term Properties,\u201d Research Report GC2, Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia."},{"issue":"1","key":"2024022200484352800_c40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.26.1.303","article-title":"Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry","volume":"26","author":"Worrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Energy Environ."}],"container-title":["Geotechnical Testing Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/geotechnicaltesting\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/618\/7083663\/10_1520_gtj20160211.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/geotechnicaltesting\/article-pdf\/40\/4\/618\/7083663\/10_1520_gtj20160211.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T17:27:37Z","timestamp":1751995657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/gtj\/article\/40\/4\/618-629\/2984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/gtj20160211","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-6115","1945-7545"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0149-6115"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-7545"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]}}}