{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:33:12Z","timestamp":1773246792187,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/04583\/2017 grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/04583\/2017 grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/04583\/2017 grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/04583\/2017 grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The sustainable use of resources requires new strategies to transform industrial byproducts into raw materials for other applications. This approach, inspired by circular economy fundamentals, can be successfully applied in transportation infrastructures where a significant amount of natural raw materials is generally required. Slags from the steelmaking process in electric arc furnaces are generally of two types: oxidizing (black colored) and reducing (lighter colored). In Portugal, the oxidizing steel slag or electric arc furnace (EAF) with controlled production has been certified as \u201cinert steel aggregate for construction,\u201d having high strength and stiffness when compared to conventional natural aggregates. However, because of the lack of fines, EAF usually requires a milling process with increased costs and CO2 emissions. This work studies the mixture of the two types of slags, because the reducing slag (also called ladle slag) is a fine powder with cementing properties that can enhance the behavior of the mixture while avoiding the milling process. Toward the application in granular layers of transport infrastructures, the testing procedures to study the geotechnical behavior of this innovative stabilized mixture are discussed combining chemical, durability, environmental, and hydromechanical analysis. Seismic wave velocity measurements with ultrasonic transducers provide the elastic stiffness evolution with time derived from the cementation given by the ladle slag. Unconfined compression strength and permeability results were used to propose an index parameter to correlate the mixture dosage to the observed hydromechanical performance. Durability measurements with wetting and drying cycles, as well as swelling and leaching test results, are also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/gtj20220248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T05:06:36Z","timestamp":1692853596000},"page":"123-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental Investigation to Analyze the Effect of Cementation on the Geomechanical Behavior of Steel Slag Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-2757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson Gomes","family":"Mica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, University of Porto 1 , R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2625-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, University of Porto 2 , R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9896-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Viana da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, University of Porto 2 , R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Fortunato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Department, National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) 3 , Av. Brasil, 101, 1700-0666 Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"381","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062619453762100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASTM International. 1996. Standard Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures (Withdrawn). ASTM D559-96. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, approved May 10, 1996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/D0559-96","DOI":"10.1520\/D0559-96"},{"key":"2025062619453762100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASTM International. 1999. Standard Test Method for Potential Expansion of Aggregates from Hydration Reactions (Superseded). ASTM D4792-99. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, approved June 10, 1999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/D4792-99","DOI":"10.1520\/D4792-99"},{"key":"2025062619453762100_B3","unstructured":"ASTM International. 2003. Standard Specification for Graded Aggregate Material for Bases or Subbases for Highways or Airports. ASTM D2940-03. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, approved February 10, 2003."},{"key":"2025062619453762100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASTM International. 2021. Standard Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils. ASTM D1883-21. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, approved November 15, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/D1883-21","DOI":"10.1520\/D1883-21"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025062619453762100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-019-01171-x","article-title":"Experimental Study on Guabirotuba\u2019s Soil Stabilization Using Extreme Molding Conditions","volume":"38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geotechnical and Geological Engineering"},{"key":"2025062619453762100_B6","unstructured":"British Standard Institution (BSI). 1998. BSI\u2013BS EN 1744-1: Tests for Chemical Properties of Aggregates\u2013Part 1: Chemical Analysis. ICS 91.100.20. 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