{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:50:36Z","timestamp":1755219036757,"version":"3.43.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"ASTM International","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["asmedigitalcollection.asme.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Adhesive joints have unique advantages when compared to conventional mechanical joints. Adhesives can undergo creep deformation at room temperature (cold flow) as well as at low stress (well below the yield point of the material), which can lead to considerable reduction in the life expectancy of the bonded structures. Therefore, performing creep tests to determine a material\u2019s expected behavior under certain operational or environmental conditions is of crucial importance. Available commercial creep machines are often designed to test a wide variety of materials and, thus, present suboptimal features for testing specimens with specific characteristics, as is the case of adhesive joints. In this article, a new multi-station creep test machine is proposed and its main subsystems are described, namely the mechanical structure, the pneumatic servo-controlled actuation, the data acquisition, and the command software. The machine is able to run tests at a constant load that can be set from 100 up to 2,800\u00a0N, at intervals of 5\u00a0N, and a maximum displacement of 250\u00a0mm. The three stations can accommodate single lap joints or bulk specimens and allow for totally independent and simultaneous tests, at temperatures ranging from \u2212100\u00b0C up to 200\u00b0C. The measurement resolution for load and displacement is 0.025\u00a0N and 0.025\u00a0mm, respectively. Experimental results of creep tests are presented, and the multi-station creep machine behavior is validated by comparison to a reference equipment. The creep machine reveals good performance, with force and displacement repeatability below close to 6\u00a0N and 0.25\u00a0mm, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/jte20210730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T01:06:32Z","timestamp":1647565592000},"page":"2382-2399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/crossmarkpolicy-asme","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Multi-Station Creep Machine for Adhesive Joint Testing"],"prefix":"10.1520","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo N.","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto 1 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio M.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto 1 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI) 2 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2047-0873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos M. S. Moreira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto 1 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3272-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas F. M.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto 1 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI) 3 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo D. P.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI) 3 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo A. S.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto 1 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI) 3 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. C.","family":"Carbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto 1 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Mec\u00e2nica e Engenharia Industrial (INEGI) 3 , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"381","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Stress Analysis for Creep","year":"2013","key":"2025080612232099600_B1"},{"volume-title":"Creep and Fatigue in Polymer Matrix Composites","year":"2019","key":"2025080612232099600_B2"},{"volume-title":"Design for Creep","year":"1995","key":"2025080612232099600_B3"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025080612232099600_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00218467508075048","article-title":"The Creep Behaviour of Structural Adhesive Joints-I","volume":"7","year":"1975","journal-title":"The Journal of Adhesion"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025080612232099600_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/00218467608075069","article-title":"The Creep Behaviour of Structural Adhesive Joints II","volume":"8","year":"1976","journal-title":"The Journal of Adhesion"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025080612232099600_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51387","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51387","article-title":"Effect of Creep on the Mode II Residual Fracture Energy of Adhesives","volume":"138","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science"},{"volume-title":"Handbook of Adhesion Technology","year":"2018","key":"2025080612232099600_B7"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025080612232099600_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-7746-2","article-title":"Optimal Design of Adhesive Composition in Footwear Industry Based on Creep Rate Minimization","volume":"84","year":"2015","journal-title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025080612232099600_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2020.1742114","article-title":"Creep Behaviour of a Graphene-Reinforced Epoxy Adhesively Bonded Joint: Experimental and Numerical Investigation","volume":"97","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Adhesion"},{"key":"2025080612232099600_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2016.12.007","article-title":"Use of Master Curves Based on Time-Temperature Superposition to Predict Creep Failure of Aluminium-Glass Adhesive Joints","volume":"74","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives"},{"issue":"567","key":"2025080612232099600_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1910.0050","article-title":"On the Viscous Flow in Metals, and Allied Phenomena","volume":"84","year":"1910","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 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