{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T04:09:46Z","timestamp":1750910986863,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"ASTM International100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959","isbn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"9780803177215"},{"type":"electronic","value":"9780803177222"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three dimensional (3D) printing technology has the potential for reshaping the construction industry. Despite advances in 3D concrete printing, the majority of construction applications still require structural steel or steel reinforcement in order to achieve code compliance. Development of polymer-based high-filled composite with a fiber reinforcement can be a better alternative to the cementitious composite for 3D printing while providing better strength and durability. These materials can be used in various civil engineering applications, including slab on grades, precast architectural panels, facade construction, and more. The current paper gives a first insight into the application of the newly developed polymer-based composite and 3D printing technology, combining composite extrusion, ultraviolet curing, and continuous glass fiber reinforcement. In this case, the fiber, which has been saturated with the organic binder, is laid out layer by layer on top of the extruded layer of the composite. Thus, the high adhesion between the matrix and the fiber is achieved. This study presents the current capabilities of 3D-printed structures with continuous fibers to eliminate steel reinforcement and structural steel in residential buildings. Advantages of the developed 3D printing technology amidst 3D concrete printing are described. The study also provides methods to evaluate the strength and durability of 3D-printed structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/stp163720200102","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1649850129000},"page":"165-179","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D Printing of Polymers with Continuous Fibers to Replace Steel Reinforcement and Structural Steel in Construction"],"prefix":"10.1520","author":[{"given":"Alexey","family":"Dubov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mighty Buildings, Inc. 1 , 610 85th Ave., Oakland, CA94621, US"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Ruben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mighty Buildings, Inc. 1 , 610 85th Ave., Oakland, CA94621, US"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasily","family":"Korshikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mighty Buildings, Inc. 1 , 610 85th Ave., Oakland, CA94621, US"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mighty Buildings, Inc. 1 , 610 85th Ave., Oakland, CA94621, US"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egor","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mighty Buildings, Inc. 1 , 610 85th Ave., Oakland, CA94621, US"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"381","reference":[{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kloft\u2008H., Gehlen\u2008C., D\u00f6rfler\u2008K., Hack\u2008N., Henke\u2008K., Lowke\u2008D., Mainka\u2008J., and Raatz\u2008A., \u201cTRR 277: Additive Fertigung im Bauwesen,\u201d Bautechnik\u200898, no. 3 (2021): 222\u2013231, 10.1002\/bate.202000113","DOI":"10.1002\/bate.202000113"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li\u2008Z., Hojati\u2008M., Wu\u2008Z., Piasente\u2008J., Ashrafi\u2008N., Duarte\u2008J. 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M., and Radli\u0144ska\u2008A., \u201cFresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Review,\u201d Sustainability\u200812, no. 14 (2020), 10.3390\/su12145628","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145628"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c3","unstructured":"Sheehan\u2008M., \u201cThis Controversial Chinese Company Wants to 3-D Print Your Next House,\u201d Huffington Post, 2015, http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200815142353\/https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/3d-printing-buildings-china-winsun_n_7071610"},{"year":"2019","key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c4","article-title":"Acceptance Criteria for 3D Automated Construction Technology for 3D Concrete Walls"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dressler\u2008I., Freund\u2008N., and Lowke\u2008D., \u201cThe Effect of Accelerator Dosage on Fresh Concrete Properties and on Interlayer Strength in Shotcrete 3D Printing,\u201d Materials\u200813, no. 2 (2020): 374.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13020374"},{"volume-title":"Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials","year":"2014","key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/D3039_D3039M-14"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruger\u2008J., Zeranka\u2008S., and van Zijl\u2008G., \u201c3D Concrete Printing: A Lower Bound Analytical Model for Buildability Performance Quantification,\u201d Automation in Construction\u2008106 (2019), 10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2019.102904"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bos\u2008F., Wolfs\u2008R., Ahmed\u2008Z., and Salet\u2008T., \u201cAdditive Manufacturing of Concrete in Construction: Potentials and Challenges of 3D Concrete Printing,\u201d Virtual and Physical Prototyping\u200811, no. 3 (2016): 209\u2013225, 10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2016.1209867"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c9","unstructured":"Wads\u00f6\u2008L., Karlsson\u2008J., and Tammo\u2008K., \u201cThermal Properties of Concrete with Various Aggregates,\u201d 2012, https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160418125522\/http:\/\/www.byggnadsmaterial.lth.se:80\/fileadmin\/byggnadsmaterial\/Research\/CERBOF\/Thermal_properties__nr_10_.pdf"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c10","unstructured":"\u201cEurocode 2: Table of Concrete Design Properties,\u201d http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200804195615\/https:\/\/eurocodeapplied.com\/design\/en1992\/concrete-design-properties"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas\u2008J. and Ramaswamy\u2008A., \u201cMechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,\u201d Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering\u200819, no. 5 (2007): 385\u2013392, 10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:5(385)","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:5(385)"},{"volume-title":"3D Concrete Printing Technology: Construction and Building Applications","year":"2019","author":"Sanjayan","key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c12"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815481-6.00005-1","article-title":"Properties of 3D-Printed Fiber-Reinforced Portland Cement Paste","volume-title":"3D Concrete Printing Technology: Construction and Building Applications","author":"Hambach","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025062515320000300_p165_c14","unstructured":"Hopper\u2008H. 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