{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T04:46:06Z","timestamp":1768452366322,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"ASTM International100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959","isbn-type":[{"value":"0803114478","type":"print"},{"value":"9780803114470","type":"print"},{"value":"9780803152076","type":"electronic"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The in-vessel transient thermohydraulics, under emergency relief, of tanks of heated pressure liquefied gases, determines whether vessels will safely relieve their contents, rupture and cause a pool or flashing jet fire, or catastrophically fail and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVE) resulting in a significant fire ball and rocketing debris.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This paper reviews the basic thermohydraulic phenomena and their interaction. The mech- anisms are illustrated with reference to direct visual observation in small vessels and the interpretation of additional data obtained in intermediate scale experiments.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The paper additionally describes a two-dimensional zone and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) field technique to describe the tank and fluid behavior under fire attack conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1520\/stp23790s","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,9]],"date-time":"2009-03-09T20:45:48Z","timestamp":1236631548000},"page":"100-115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fire Engulfment of Pressure-Liquefied Gas Tanks: Experiments and Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1520","author":[{"given":"UK","family":"Sumathipala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fire Science Centre 1 Research associate, professor, professor, and professor , respectively, , Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3 ."}]},{"given":"GV","family":"Hadjisophocleous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Canada, National Fire Laboratory 2 Research officer , , Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1A 0R6 ."}]},{"given":"NU","family":"Aydemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment 3 Research engineer , , Pinawa, Manitoba, CanadaR0E 1L0."}]},{"given":"C-M","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Science and Technology 4 Professor , , Department of Thermal Engineering, Beijing100083, People's Republic of China ."}]},{"given":"ACM","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fire Science Centre 1 Research associate, professor, professor, and professor , respectively, , Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3 ."}]},{"given":"FR","family":"Steward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fire Science Centre 1 Research associate, professor, professor, and professor , respectively, , Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3 ."}]},{"given":"JES","family":"Venart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fire Science Centre 1 Research associate, professor, professor, and professor , respectively, , Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3 ."}]}],"member":"381","reference":[{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietersen, C. M., \u201cAnalysis of the LPG-Disaster in Mexico City,\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 20, 1988, pp. 85\u2013107.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87008-0"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Droste, B. and Schoen, W., \u201cFull Scale Fire Tests With Unprotected and Thermal Insulated LPG Storage Tanks,\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 20, 1988, pp. 41\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87005-5"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moodie, K., Cowley, L. T., Denny, R. B., Small, L. M., and Williams, I., \u201cFire Engulfment Tests on a 5 Tonne LPG Tank,\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 20, 1988, pp. 55\u201371.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87006-7"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venart, J. E. S., Sumathipala, U. K., Steward, F. R., and Sousa, A. C. M., \u201cExperiments on the Thermohydraulic Response of Pressure Liquefied Gases in Externally Heated Tanks with Pressure Relief,\u201d Plant\/Operations Progress, Vol. 7, 1988, pp: 139\u2013144.","DOI":"10.1002\/prsb.720070213"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c5","article-title":"Pressure Relief of Accidentally-Heated Pressure Liquefied Gas Vessels: Two-Dimensional Models","author":"Aydemir","year":"1990"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumathipala, K., Venart, J. E. S., and Steward, F. R., \u201cTwo-Phase Swelling and Entrainment During Pressure Relief Valve Discharges,\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 25,Amsterdam, 1990, pp. 219\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(90)85080-M"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c7","unstructured":"Sumathipala, U. K., Steward, F. R., and Venart, J. E. S., \u201cThe Experimental Thermohydraulics of Small Break Loss of Coolant Accidents,\u201d Proceedings, International ENS\/ANS Conference on Thermal Reactor Safety (NUCSAFE '88), Avignon, France, 1988, pp. 1103\u20131112."},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c8","unstructured":"Doyle, R. A., \u201cPressure Relief of Partially Filled Horizontal Cylinders,\u201d Master of Science in Engineering Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 1985."},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramskill, P. K., \u201cA Description of the \u201cENGULF\u201d Computer Codes-Codes to Model the Thermal Response of an LPG Tank Either Fully or Partially Engulfed by Fire.\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 20. 1988. pp. 177-196.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87012-2"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birk. A. M., \u201cModeling the Response of Tankers Exposed to External Fire Impingement,\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 20, 1988. pp. 197\u2013225.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87013-4"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beynon, G. V., Cowley, L. T., Small, L. M., and Williams, I., \u201cFire Engulfment of LPG Tanks: HEATUP, a Predictive Model,\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 20. 1988. pp. 227\u2013239.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87014-6"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aydemir, N. U., Magapu, V. K., Sousa, A. C. M., and Venart. J. E. S., \u201cThermal Response Analysis of LPG Tanks Exposed to Fire,\u201d Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 20. 1988, pp. 239\u2013262.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(88)87015-8"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c13","unstructured":"Hadjisophocleous,G. V., \u201cNumerical Modelling of LPG Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks Subjected to Heating Environments,\u201d Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, 1989."},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c14","unstructured":"Aydemir, N. U., Sousa, A. C. M., and Venart, J. E. S., \u201cTransient Thermal Stratification in Heated Partially Filled Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks,\u201d ASME Transactions\u20080097-6822, Paper 84-HT-60, 1984."},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aydemir, N. U., Sousa, A. C. M., and Venart, J. E. S., \u201cTransient Laminar Free Convection in Horizontal Cylinders,\u201d Warme-und Stoff\u00fcbertragung\u20080042-992910.1007\/BF00999738, Vol. 20, 1986, pp. 59\u201367.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00999738"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c16","unstructured":"Cichelli, M. T. and Bonilla, C. F., \u201cHeat Transfer to Liquids Boiling Under Pressure,\u201d Transactions of the AIChE, Vol. 41, 1970, pp. 755\u2013787."},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Doormaal, J. P. and Raithby, G. D., \u201cEnhancements of the SIMPLE Method for Predicting Incompressible Fluid Flow,\u201cNumerical Heat Transfer\u20080149-5720, Vol. 7, 1984, pp. 147\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1080\/01495728408961817"},{"key":"2025062515543880800_p100_c18","unstructured":"Hadjisophocleous, G. V., Sousa, A. C. M., and Venart, J. E. S., \u201cNatural Convection Heat Transfer in Partially Filled Horizontal Cylinders,\u201d International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering\u20080029-598110.1002\/nme.1620300406, Vol. 30, 1990, pp. 629\u2013646."}],"container-title":["Fire Hazard and Fire Risk Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/stps\/book\/chapter-pdf\/46189\/10_1520_stp23790s.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T21:38:16Z","timestamp":1750887496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.astm.org\/stps\/book\/551\/chapter\/99900\/Fire-Engulfment-of-Pressure-Liquefied-Gas-Tanks"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,1,1]]},"ISBN":["0803114478","9780803114470","9780803152076"],"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/stp23790s","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,1,1]]}}}