{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:08:15Z","timestamp":1792454895118,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Guilford Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychodynamic Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The author provides an overview of the psychodynamics of addiction, diverging from outdated conceptualizations such as orality and regression, and emphasizing the clinical relevance of the self-medication hypothesis. Rado and Bion paved the way for Khantzian's self-medication hypothesis by describing the drug user's need to escape unpleasure and seek self- containment. The author reviews research corroborating the relevance of the self-medication hypothesis and other relevant constructs such as self-deceptive attempts at adaptation, inability to prioritize self-care or delay gratification, excessive hedonism and novelty seeking, and impulsivity. Adverse childhood experiences, abuse and neglect are known to cause epigenetic changes altering gene expression, which may endure throughout life and be transmitted intergenerationally. Effective psychotherapeutic interventions have the potential to reverse DNA methylation and other epigenetic changes triggered by trauma and co-morbid psychopathology. Lastly, this editorial also introduces the psychodynamically informed clinical recommendations of Baurer and Gottdiener, further described in separate articles in this issue of Psychodynamic Psychiatry. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1521\/pdps.2021.49.3.363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T18:59:54Z","timestamp":1630695594000},"page":"363-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Overview of the Psychodynamics of Addiction"],"prefix":"10.1521","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9sar A.","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Editor of Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Columbia University, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Indonesia, and Visiting Professor of Psychiatry at the National University of Malaysia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"377","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Advances in psychodynamic psychiatry","author":"Alfonso C. 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