{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:07:07Z","timestamp":1789405627244,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Guilford Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychodynamic Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperament refers to enduring, biologically rooted affective dispositions that influence how individuals experience and regulate emotion. Although central to classical psychiatry, from Kraepelin\u2019s manic-depressive illness to Akiskal\u2019s affective styles, temperaments have been largely excluded from modern nosology and psychoanalytic theory. This omission has contributed to diagnostic confusion, particularly in differentiating cyclothymic temperament from borderline personality disorder and hyperthymic temperament from narcissistic personality disorder. While these conditions share surface similarities, they diverge in etiology, structure, and treatment. Cyclothymia reflects subsyndromal, endogenous mood fluctuations, whereas borderline personality disorder involves identity disturbance, interpersonal hypersensitivity, and reliance on primitive defenses. Hyperthymia is characterized by persistent high energy, optimism, and risk-taking, while narcissistic personality disorder reflects structural personality pathology, defensive grandiosity, and vulnerabilities in self-esteem regulation. Clarifying these distinctions is essential for improving diagnostic accuracy, guiding treatment, and fostering dialogue between biological psychiatry and psychoanalysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1521\/pdps.2026.54.3.381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T16:44:04Z","timestamp":1789404244000},"page":"381-388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinguishing Mood Temperaments from Personality Disorders: Diagnostic and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1521","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Ruffalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Tufts University School of Medicine; New Jersey Institute for Training in Psychoanalysis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex M.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Albany, State University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"377","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00461.x","volume":"110","author":"Akiskal H. 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Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009245746"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2006.10.001","volume":"48","author":"Paris J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-9-S1-S77","volume":"9","author":"Perugi G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32833299d4","volume":"23","author":"Rihmer Z.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.06.032","volume":"139","author":"V\u00e1zquez G. 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